Occupational downward mobility among older workers in the United States of America

随着年龄的增长，许多人问自己是否能够并愿意继续从事自己的职业，直到退休。对一些人来说，改变职业是尝试新事物的一个有吸引力的选择。然而，其他人则被迫接受向下移动，以便产生任何收入，补充微薄的养老金，承担照顾家庭的责任或应付健康问题。职业流动，在这里被定义为职业的变化，是在本调查的中心阶段，有一个特别关注的向下过渡，导致社会声望或产生的收入下降。在50岁及以上人口和领取某种养老金的人的就业增加的背景下--美国是这方面的先驱--该项目调查了从50年代中期到70岁的就业轨迹，具体取决于所讨论的出生队列（1946年至1959年）。在这个年龄组中，职业变化的发生程度如何，这种变化与向下流动的联系有多大？对新旧工作的收入、每周工作时间和与这一工作有关的社会权利（如雇主的健康福利）进行比较，将完成描述性分析。将特别关注中低职位的白领工人。关于就业的社会学方法和整个生命过程中的社会不平等，项目内的因果分析侧重于可能影响职业流动的三个因素。第一，前一份工作的广泛专业领域及其在社会声望和社会阶级地位方面的职业地位在多大程度上影响职业向下的发生？第二，以前的失业和其他类型的失业是否增加了职业向下流动的风险？第三，关于与就业有关的继续教育的信息可以检验各自的教育参与是否使横向和向上流动更有可能。作为额外的控制变量，家庭组成和家庭收入情况以及各自随时间的变化可以在统计上考虑在内。美国健康与退休调查（HRS）。利用现有的回顾性和前瞻性数据，该项目构建了职业变化的纵向指标，并估计了多变量双项和多项面板回归。为期6个月的奖学金将使您能够访问纽约社会研究新学院的施瓦茨经济政策分析中心-这是一个专门研究老年工人退休和就业的研究单位，并熟悉HRS。

With increasing age, many people ask themselves whether they are able and willing to keep on working in their occupation until retirement. For some a change of occupation is an attractive option to try out something new. Others, however, are forced to accept a downward move in order to generate any income at all, to complement meagre old-age pensions, to take on care responsibilities in the family or to come to terms with health problems. Occupational mobility, here defined as a change of occupation, is at center stage of this investigation and there is a special focus downward transitions which lead to a decrease in social prestige or generated income. Against the background of increased employment among the population aged 50 and older as well as among person receiving some sort of old-age pension - and the US is a pioneer in this development - the project investigates employment trajectories from the mid 50s onwards up until 70, depending on the birth cohort in question (1946 to 1959). To what extent do changes of occupation occur in this age group and how often are they linked to downward mobility? Comparisons of the income, weekly working hours, and social rights connected with this job (e.g. employers’ health benefits) regarding the old and new jobs will complete the descriptive analysis. A special focus will be on white-collar workers in medium and lower positions. Relating to sociological approaches on employment and respective social inequalities throughout the life course, the causal analysis within the project focuses on three factors potentially impacting occupational mobility. First, in how far does the broad professional field of the former job and its occupational status in terms of social prestige and social-class class position influence the occurrence of occupational downward? Second, do previous episodes of unemployment and other kinds of non-employment increase the risk of downward occupational mobility? Third, information on employment-related further education allows to test whether respective educational participation makes lateral and upward moves more likely. As additional control variables, the household composition and the income situation of the household as well as the respective changes over time can be statistically taken into account. The database is the US-American Health and Retirement Survey (HRS). Using the retrospective and prospective data available, the project constructs longitudinal indicators for occupational change and estimates multivariate bi- and multinomial panel regressions. The 6-month fellowship will enable a visit at the Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis at the New School for Social Research, New York – a research unit specializing in retirement and employment of older workers and familiar with the HRS.