On-site Cooperation and Competition: The Emergence of Munich-Martinsried as a Centre of Life Sciences and Biotechnology

自从生命科学发展成为一个新的领先科学领域以来，它在认知上已经变得依赖于协作。然而，它们也变成了一个日益商业化、竞争激烈、具有全球重要性的领域。该项目分析了慕尼黑附近的Martinsried作为一个研究和科学基地，它在短短三十年的时间里从一个村庄发展成为基础生化研究的飞地，并最终成为全球生物技术的领先地点之一：2000年，慕尼黑的“生物区”是欧洲前三名的地点之一，大约有40个全球生物技术集群。该项目认为，以Martinsried的例子为例，我们可以跟踪生物科学内部的激进学科变革及其在德意志联邦共和国的迅速崛起。这在国际比较中发生得较晚，但速度更快。由于来自美国的竞争压力（重组DNA），荷兰的发展主要以科学、政治和经济的合作与竞争关系为特征，并在制度结构中错综复杂地交织在一起。这些联系得到了进一步巩固，从而释放出特定的动力，并随着时间的推移发生了重大变化。该项目考察了马丁斯里德的三个研究机构，每个研究机构每隔十年建立一次，以研究不同的竞争和合作星座：首先，1973年新成立的马克斯普朗克生物化学研究所（MPI）（包括其在六十年代的前期历史）；二是基因中心，成立于1984年，由德国生物化学研究所、慕尼黑大学和大型化学公司赫斯特和瓦克合资成立，由联邦政府资助；第三，生物技术创新和创业中心（IZB），由巴伐利亚自由州资助，成立于1995年，旨在促进以研究为基础的新生物技术公司的形成，使德国能够在竞争激烈的全球市场上保持竞争力。这些时期标志着当代对创新过程的看法发生了根本性的变化，人们开始思考政治是否以及如何计划和控制创新过程。此外，它们还揭示了一种新的“科学角色”的出现：它从基础研究变成了创业型科学家。马丁斯里德作为一个制度化的研究场所，被认为是这些网络结晶的地方，导致了众多的竞争和合作关系：在国家和国际背景下的科学学科内部和之间；在不同类型的有组织研究（大学、校外和工业研究）之间；在基础研究、主要化学和新兴生物技术公司之间；以及区域、国家、欧洲和全球政治层面之间的关系。

Since their development into a new leading field of science, life sciences have become epistemically dependent on collaboration. However, they have also turned into an increasingly commercially structured and highly competitive field of global importance. This project analyzes Martinsried near Munich as a site of research and science, which developed within only three decades from a village to an enclave of basic biochemical research, and finally became one of the leading locations for biotechnology worldwide: in 2000, this “BioRegion” Munich was one of the top three locations in Europe from roughly 40 worldwide clusters of biotechnology. With the example of Martinsried, the project argues, we can follow up radical disciplinary change within biosciences and their rapid rise in the Federal Republic of Germany. This occurred late in an international comparison, but all the quicker. Due to competitive pressure from the USA (recombinant DNA), Martinried’s development was characterized and promoted mainly by scientific, political and economic relations of cooperation and competition, intricately intertwined in institutional structures. These ties were consolidated further so that they unleashed specific dynamics and changed significantly over time. The project examines three of the Martinsried research institutes, each established with a decade’s interval, in order to study different competitive and collaborative constellations: first, the launching of the new Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Biochemistry in 1973 (including its pre-history in the sixties); second, the Gene Center, founded in 1984 as a joint venture of the MPI of Biochemistry, the University of Munich (LMU) and the major chemical companies Hoechst and Wacker, and financed by the federal government; third, the Innovation and Start-Up Center for Biotechnology (IZB), financed by the Free State of Bavaria and established in 1995 to foster the formation of research-based new biotech companies that would enable Germany to remain a competitive actor on the highly competitive global market. These periods mark a radical change of contemporary perceptions of the processes of innovation and towards the question whether and how politics can plan and control them. Furthermore, they shed light on a new “scientific persona” that emerged: it changed from basic research to the entrepreneurial scientist. Martinsried, as an institutionalized site of research, is considered a place where these networks crystallized, resulting in a multitude of competitive and collaborative relations: within and between scientific disciplines in their national and international contexts; between different types of organized research (university, extra-university, and industrial research); between basic research, the major chemistry and new biotech companies; and between regional, national, European and global political levels.