Relevance of context-dependent extinction processes for the development of experimentally induced intrusions

创伤性事件的侵入性再体验是创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）的一个关键症状。经典的条件反射过程，导致中性刺激与创伤期间的厌恶性后果的关联，被认为有助于侵入性记忆的发展。在这里，条件反应的功能失调的短期和长期消退似乎特别相关。与此同时，关于创伤事件的背景信息在自传体记忆中的储存也很差。PTSD的实验室研究进一步表明，背景信息对灭绝的调节不足。这可能解释了在安全环境中对创伤相关线索的增强反应。然而，没有研究调查，如果上下文相关的灭绝过程预测的发生侵入性的再体验。此外，只有很少的见解的基本差异的影响，在歧视的上下文信息和认知情绪调节的上下文相关的灭绝过程和入侵的发展。由于这些协会在临床样本的调查是唯一可能的复杂的纵向设计，创伤电影的范例构成了一个生态有效的和有效的替代健康samples.67健康女性的调查，这样的研究问题在这项功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）研究。在参与测量情境依赖性消退过程及其神经基础的条件反射范式之前，将进行评估行为模式分离以及认知情绪调节的神经相关性的任务。之后，在创伤电影范例中，将向参与者展示令人厌恶的电影剪辑，并在接下来的一周内评估实验诱导的侵入性再体验。本研究的主要问题是解决潜在的预测发展实验诱导入侵的上下文相关的灭绝过程和相关的激活的恐惧和灭绝电路。此外，行为模式分离的效果以及认知情绪调节的即时和长期影响将被研究。本研究的结果有助于更好地理解创伤事件后侵入性再体验发展的相关因素及其机制。从长远来看，这些发现可能有助于优化PTSD的预防干预和治疗。

Intrusive re-experiencing of a traumatic event is a key symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Classical conditioning processes, which lead to the association of neutral stimuli with aversive consequences during the trauma, are assumed to contribute to the development of intrusive memories. Here, dysfunctional short- and long-term extinction of conditioned responses seems to be especially relevant. At the same time, contextual information concerning the traumatic event is poorly stored in autobiographical memory. Laboratory studies in PTSD furthermore indicate a deficient modulation of extinction by contextual information. This might explain the enhanced responses towards trauma associated cues in safe contexts. However, there are no studies investigating if context-dependent extinction processes predict the occurrence of intrusive re-experiencing. Additionally, there are only few insights about the influence of basic differences in the discrimination of contextual information and in cognitive emotion regulation on context-dependent extinction processes and the development of intrusions. As the investigation of these associations in clinical samples is only possible with sophisticated longitudinal designs, the trauma-film paradigm constitutes an ecologically valid and efficient alternative for the investigation of such research questions in healthy samples.Sixty-seven healthy females are to be investigated in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. Before participating in a conditioning paradigm measuring context-dependent extinction processes and their neural basis, tasks for assessing behavioral pattern separation as well as the neural correlates of cognitive emotion regulation will be conducted. Afterwards, aversive film-clips will be presented to the participants during the trauma-film paradigm, and experimentally induced intrusive re-experiencing will be assessed during the following week. The main question of this study addresses the potential prediction of developing experimentally induced intrusions by context-dependent extinction processes and related activation of the fear and extinction circuit. Furthermore, the effect of behavioral pattern separation as well as immediate and prolonged effects of cognitive emotion regulation will be studied. The results of this study might contribute to a better understanding of relevant factors influencing the development of intrusive re-experiencing after traumatic events and its underlying mechanisms. In the long term, these findings might help to optimize preventive interventions as well as treatments for PTSD.