A development of video image-analysing for the experimental analysis of behavior.

本研究开发了一种用于实验行为分析的视频图像分析系统。以前的系统只能有一个主体点（Pear, et al., 1982; 1984; 1987）。另一方面，目前的系统可以一次测量两个点的主题。因此，该系统可以测量被测物体的方向，并在三维空间上检测被测物体某一点的位置。本研究包括以下三个实验。其中一个实验是将该系统应用于行为对比的二维分析。我们开发了一个实时测量鸽子方向（度）的自动系统。目前的系统可以检测到鸽子的“转身”，因此它可以在“转身”后自动产生强化物。在行为对比实验中，某一成分的“啄”总是被强化。其他部分的“啄”或“转弯”有时被加强，有时不被加强，更多地取决于所应用的条件。结果表明，观察到负对比。然而，没有观察到“其他行为”从变区间分量到消光分量的转变。此外，当分量从可变区间变为消光分量时，观察到“转向”现象。这个证据相当于“局部对比”。第二个实验是将该系统应用于自动成形的三维分析。根据实验空间中分裂的64个立方细胞，系统根据发生的相对概率来测量鸽子的自动形状头部运动。选择其中8个单元格转换为每个转移概率。基于这些转移概率，分别用状态图表示了前、中、后期阶段的自成形行为。本实验表明，鸽子的啄键反应在训练的早期阶段表现出稳定的状态。而头部运动则由前期和中期的上下运动转变为后期与地面平行的运动。这些结果表明，该系统适用于鸽子头部运动等三维行为的分析。第三个实验是应用该系统观察人类婴儿的行为。在一个游戏室里记录了一个人类婴儿的位置。随后，通过将房间分成4个单元进行分析。分析表明，该系统可以有效地测量停留时间，部分区间法比全区间法更容易高估停留时间。少

The present study developed a video image-analyzing system for the experimental analysis of behavior. The previous system could only one point of subject (Pear, et al., 1982; 1984; 1987). On the other hand, the present system could measure two points of subject at a time. Thus, this system could measure the direction of subject and detect the position of a point of subject on three dimensions. The present study consisted of the following three experiments.One experiment was the application of the system to a two-dimensional analysis of behavioral contrast.We have developed an automatic system for measuring the direction (degree) of pigeons on real-time. The present system could detect "turnings" of the pigeons so that it could produce a reinforcer automatically following the "turning". In the behavioral contrast experiment, "peckings" in one component were always reinforced. "Peckings" or "turnings" in the other component sometimes were reinforced and sometimes were not reinforced acco … More rding to the condition applied. The results showed that negative contrasts were observed. However, no shift of "other behavior" from a variable-interval component to an extinction component was observed. Further, the "turnings" were observed just after the component was changed from the variable-interval to the extinction components. This evidence is equivalent to the "local contrast."A second experiment was the application of the system to a three-dimensional analysis of auto-shaping.The pigeon's auto-shaped head movement according to the 64 cubic cells splited in the experimental space was measured by the system in terms of the relative probability of occurence. Eight of the cells were chosen to transform into each of the transition probabilities. Based on these transition probabilities, the auto-shaped behavior of early, middle, and late phases were represented by the state graphs respectively. The present experiment demonstrated that pigeon's key-pecking responses showed a steady state at the early phase of the training. The head movement, however, changed from the up-and-down movement in the early and the middle phases to the movement parallel to the floor in the late phase. These results suggest that the system is applicable to analyzing the three-dimensional behavior such as pigeon's head movements.A third experiment was the application of the system for observing the behavior of a human infant.The position of a human infant was recorded in a play room. Later, the analysis was conducted by dividing the room into 4 cells. The present analysis showed that the stay time could effectivelly be measured by this system and was more overestimated with a partial-interval than with a whole-interval methods. Less