A development of video image-analysing for the experimental analysis of behavior.

本研究开发了一种用于行为实验分析的视频图像分析系统。以前的系统只能选择一个主题(Pear等人，1982；1984；1987)。另一方面，目前的系统可以一次测量对象的两个点。因此，该系统可以在三个维度上测量被摄体的方向和检测被摄体点的位置。本研究由三个实验组成。一个实验是将该系统应用于行为对比的二维分析。我们开发了一套自动实时测量鸽子方位(度)的系统。目前的系统可以检测到鸽子的“转弯”，这样它就可以在“转弯”后自动产生增强剂。在行为对比实验中，同一成分中的“Pecking”总是被强化。…中的“Pecking”或“Turning”有时被加固，有时不被加固更符合所应用的条件。结果显示，观察到了负对比。然而，没有观察到“其他行为”从可变间隔成分转变为消光成分。此外，在成分从可变区间改变为消光成分后，立即观察到“转折”。这一证据相当于“局部对比”。第二个实验是将该系统应用于自整形的三维分析。该系统根据实验空间中分裂的立方体细胞，用发生的相对概率来测量鸽子的自整形头部运动。选择其中的8个单元格转换为每个转移概率。基于这些转移概率，分别用状态图表示了早期、中期和晚期的自形行为。本实验表明，鸽子的啄键反应在训练的早期阶段表现出稳定的状态。头部运动则由早、中期的上下运动转变为晚期的平行于地面的运动。这些结果表明，该系统适用于分析鸽子头部运动等三维行为。第三个实验是应用该系统观察人类婴儿的行为。在游戏室中记录人类婴儿的位置。后来，通过将房间划分为4个单元进行了分析。目前的分析表明，该系统可以有效地测量停留时间，并且部分区间法比全区间法更高估停留时间。较少

The present study developed a video image-analyzing system for the experimental analysis of behavior. The previous system could only one point of subject (Pear, et al., 1982; 1984; 1987). On the other hand, the present system could measure two points of subject at a time. Thus, this system could measure the direction of subject and detect the position of a point of subject on three dimensions. The present study consisted of the following three experiments.One experiment was the application of the system to a two-dimensional analysis of behavioral contrast.We have developed an automatic system for measuring the direction (degree) of pigeons on real-time. The present system could detect "turnings" of the pigeons so that it could produce a reinforcer automatically following the "turning". In the behavioral contrast experiment, "peckings" in one component were always reinforced. "Peckings" or "turnings" in the other component sometimes were reinforced and sometimes were not reinforced acco … More rding to the condition applied. The results showed that negative contrasts were observed. However, no shift of "other behavior" from a variable-interval component to an extinction component was observed. Further, the "turnings" were observed just after the component was changed from the variable-interval to the extinction components. This evidence is equivalent to the "local contrast."A second experiment was the application of the system to a three-dimensional analysis of auto-shaping.The pigeon's auto-shaped head movement according to the 64 cubic cells splited in the experimental space was measured by the system in terms of the relative probability of occurence. Eight of the cells were chosen to transform into each of the transition probabilities. Based on these transition probabilities, the auto-shaped behavior of early, middle, and late phases were represented by the state graphs respectively. The present experiment demonstrated that pigeon's key-pecking responses showed a steady state at the early phase of the training. The head movement, however, changed from the up-and-down movement in the early and the middle phases to the movement parallel to the floor in the late phase. These results suggest that the system is applicable to analyzing the three-dimensional behavior such as pigeon's head movements.A third experiment was the application of the system for observing the behavior of a human infant.The position of a human infant was recorded in a play room. Later, the analysis was conducted by dividing the room into 4 cells. The present analysis showed that the stay time could effectivelly be measured by this system and was more overestimated with a partial-interval than with a whole-interval methods. Less