Security and Civil Society in Germany and Tsarist Russia during the First World War. The Internment of Civilian ‘Enemy Aliens’ in the Bilateral Relationship, 1914-1917

这个俄德合作项目涉及从第一次世界大战开始到1917年2月沙皇尼古拉二世退位期间，在德国的沙皇帝国和在俄罗斯的德国人的拘留。主要的分析维度是拘留政策、反对政策以及双方的看法和反应。两国政府和下属国家当局经常以“国家安全”为由为拘留辩护。然而，这些严厉的措施危及作为公民社会重要基础的自由，而公民社会在第一次世界大战中仍以零星形式存在。特别是，自由主义者、社会民主主义者以及和平主义政治家和知识分子试图限制两国的安全政策。然而，他们对公民自由的捍卫是模棱两可的，因为他们同时支持各自国家的国家战争努力。安全文化与公民社会规范之间复杂而矛盾的关系将通过调查分别针对德国和俄罗斯平民“敌国外国人”的宣传和拘留政策来分析。除了比较拘留之外，该项目还将调查德国和俄罗斯演员之间的相互看法和转移以及拒绝和封锁。在研究报复与缓和时，互惠原则应得到特别的重视。在方法论方面，将采用历史比较和最近的方法来分析关系和纠葛。这种分析设计为俄德项目提供了独特的轮廓和附加价值。两个项目合作伙伴之间的合作依赖于他们自2010年以来的长期合作。总而言之，拟议的研究旨在为以“国家安全”名义镇压平民“敌方外国人”的历史编纂，公民社会行动主义的困境以及“全面”第一次世界大战中人道主义参与的挑战做出贡献。鉴于我们要求DFG支持该项目的德国部分，我们将向RFBR申请为俄罗斯部分提供资金。

The Russo-German collaborative project deals with the internment of subjects of the Tsarist Empire in Germany and of Germans in Russia from the beginning of the First World War until the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II in February 1917. Major analytical dimensions are the internment policies, the opposition to them as well as the mutual perceptions and reactions. The two governments and subordinate state authorities frequently justified internment by references to 'national security'. Yet these stringent measures endangered liberty as a crucial foundation of civil societies, which still existed as pockets in the First World War. In particular, liberals, social democrats as well as pacifist politicians and intellectuals attempted to restrict security policies in the two countries. Yet their defence of civil liberties was ambiguous, as they simultaneously supported the national war efforts of their countries. The complex and ambivalent relationship between security cultures and the norms of civil society will be analysed by investigating the propaganda and policies of internment that were directed against German and Russian civilian ‘enemy aliens’ in the two states, respectively. Beyond comparing the internment, the project will investigate mutual perceptions and transfers as well as rejections and blockages between German and Russian actors. The principle of reciprocity is to be receive particular attention by studying reprisals and alleviations. In terms of methodology, both historical comparison and recent approaches to analyzing relations and entanglements will be employed. This analytical design lends the Russo-German project its specific profile and added value. The cooperation between the two project partners relies on their long-standing collaboration since 2010. All in all, the proposed research aims to contribute to the historiography of the repression of civilian 'enemy aliens' in the name of ‘national security’, the dilemmas of civil society activism and the challenges of humanitarian engagement in the 'total' First World War. Whereas we ask the DFG to support the German part of the projekt, we will apply for financial means for the Russian part from the RFBR.