古代寺院建築再考

重新思考古代寺庙建筑

• 批准号: 10750471
• 负责人: 箱崎 和久
• 金额: $ 1.34万
• 依托单位: Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Encouragement of Young Scientists (A)
• 财政年份: 1998
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1998 至 1999
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-10750471/
• 关键词: 興福寺; 高欄; 飾金具; 薬師寺; 基壇; 奈良時代; 講堂; 三手先; 組物; 平城宮; 雛形

本年度は主に細部について検討した。奈良・平安時代におけるいくつかの資材帳をもとに編纂したと考えられる『興福寺流記』は、中金堂・円堂院円堂(北円堂)・東金堂・五重塔・経蔵・鐘楼に高欄餝金具があったことを記す。単層土間式の北円堂や東金堂に高欄があるのは不審で、これは外観の復原に再考を促すものである。しかし興福寺堂塔に関する文献をたどると、やはり北円堂や東金堂は創建形態を遵守していると考えざるを得ない。そこで高欄という語義に着目すると、『倭名類聚鈔』などには見えないものの、『正倉院文書』や『延喜大神宮式』に記載される高欄の部材は、現在も使われる高欄の地覆・平桁・架木に相当する。したがって『興福寺流記』に書かれた高欄も、現在使われている高欄の認識で誤りない。ところで、「春日社寺曼茶羅」(鎌倉時代)に描かれた興福寺の主要堂塔をみると、東金堂・五重塔・西金堂には、基壇縁に朱塗りされた高欄がある。また「年中行事絵巻」の大極殿や「信貴山縁起絵巻」の東大寺大仏殿にも基壇縁に朱塗りの高欄が描かれる。さらに「年中行事絵巻」の大極殿には、高欄端に金具を施している。ここから、『興福寺流記』にみえる高欄は、基壇縁においた刎高欄を指すものと理解するのが妥当である。高欄の語の解明は、既研究による興福寺堂塔の外観を大きく変えるものではなさそうだが、これによって、現在、法隆寺夢殿や東大寺大仏殿にみえる基壇縁の高欄は、古い伝統を保つ可能性が生じてきた。また、重層土間建築での高欄の語も基壇縁の高欄かもしれず、『薬師寺縁起』等にみえる同寺金堂の「蘇芳高欄」も同様のものだろう。一方、『興福寺流記』で高欄の記載がない堂塔との建築的・機能的な差異については更なる検討課題となり、さらに、発掘調査で出土する垂木先金具が、高欄端金具の可能性がある点に今後注意しなければならない。

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