Uncovering verb-second effects. An interface-based typology

揭示动词第二效应。

• 批准号: 411069456
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Georg A. Kaiser
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Agence Nationale de la Recherche
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2018-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/411069456?language=en
• 关键词: Uncovering; verb; second; effects.; interface

Germanic languages, with the major exception of Modern English, are characterized by the regular occurrence of the finite verb in second position in main clauses, a property known as ‘verb second’ (V2). In the classical approach, this configuration is assumed to result from the attraction of the finite verb to the highest clausal head (C) along with the appearance of an element in its outer edge. With the development of a richer model of the sentential left periphery, which involves an array of discourse-related functional projections, this view becomes problematic, as there is no category that uniquely corresponds to C. Yet, this development has allowed looking at Germanic V2 as part of a wider set of V2 effects occurring in many other languages. Old Romance languages, for instance, have been characterized as obeying a restriction that is highly reminiscent of the Germanic one, namely that finite verbs generally do not appear in clause-initial position, but rather in at least second position.This project has three basic objectives: on the one hand, it aims at expanding the perimeter of the languages relevant to the V2 typology, by including languages with a basic subject-object-verb (SOV) order other than those relatively few examples that have been characterized as V2 (e.g. Kashmiri (Indo-Aryan), Ingush (Caucasian)). In particular, the correlation, established in much of the typological literature, between SOV order and in-situ wh-phrases and foci will be critically revisited. On this view, the adjacency between the verb and a preceding wh-phrase or focus in SOV languages corresponds to a configuration in which the preverbal element is within the VP, that is, in-situ. It will be argued that, in Basque, a bona fide SOV language, this adjacency relation rather corresponds to a syntactic configuration close to the Old Romance type, i.e. it is taken to display V2 effects. The evidence for the same correlation in Turkic languages will be explored. To this end, three Turkic languages (Kyrgiz, Kazak, and Uzbek) will be studied, complemented with the more thoroughly described Turkish, and the evidence in relation to their possible V2 status will be evaluated. The second objective is to assess whether language contact might have had a non-trivial impact in giving rise to V2 effects as an areal phenomenon in South-Western Europe, where Basque, Spanish, French, and Gascon (Occitan) all display V2 effects (to a different extent). This study will be appended by that of Sorbian (Slavic) and Raeto-Romance, both exhibiting V2 effects and being in intense contact with German. Finally, the third objective of the project is to explore a non-uniform approach to the phenomenon of V2. Specifically, it will be investigated whether V2 relies on a unique set of morpho-syntactic mechanisms or rather relates to a linear notion, in that a multitude of factors from several domains of grammar are involved, resulting in a differentiated typology of V2.

除了现代英语之外，日耳曼语言的特点是限定动词经常出现在主句的第二位置，这种特性被称为“动词第二”（V2）。在经典的方法中，这种结构被假设为是由于限定动词被吸引到最高的小句中心语（C）沿着在其外边缘出现一个元素。随着一个更丰富的关于前左边缘的模型的发展，它涉及一系列与话语相关的功能投射，这种观点变得有问题，因为没有一个范畴唯一对应于C。然而，这种发展允许将日耳曼语V2视为许多其他语言中发生的更广泛的V2效应的一部分。例如，古罗曼语的特点是遵守一个限制，这一限制与日耳曼语的限制非常相似，即限定动词一般不出现在小句首的位置，而是至少出现在第二位置。这个项目有三个基本目标：一方面，它旨在扩大与V2类型学相关的语言的范围，通过包括具有基本主宾动词（SOV）顺序的语言，而不是那些相对较少的被描述为V2的语言（例如克什米尔语（印度-雅利安语），印古什语（高加索语））。特别是，相关性，建立在许多类型学文献，SOV之间的顺序和原位wh-短语和焦点将严格重新审视。根据这种观点，SOV语言中动词与前面的wh短语或焦点之间的邻接对应于动词前成分在VP中的配置，即原位。我们可以说，在巴斯克语（一种真正的SOV语言）中，这种邻接关系相当符合一种接近古罗曼语类型的句法结构，即它被用来显示V2效应。突厥语中同样的相关性的证据将被探讨。为此，将研究三种突厥语（吉尔吉斯语，哈萨克语和乌兹别克语），并辅以更全面描述的土耳其语，并评估与其可能的V2地位有关的证据。第二个目标是评估是否语言接触可能有一个不平凡的影响，在引起V2效应作为一个区域现象在西南欧，巴斯克语，西班牙语，法语，和Gascon（奥克语）都显示V2效应（在不同程度上）。这项研究将附加索布语（斯拉夫语）和雷托-罗曼语的研究，这两种语言都表现出V2效应，并与德语密切接触。最后，该项目的第三个目标是探索V2现象的非统一方法。具体来说，它将调查是否V2依赖于一套独特的形态句法机制，而是涉及到一个线性的概念，在众多的因素从几个领域的语法参与，导致在一个分化的类型学V2。