The impact of terminated Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) on carbon stocks, deforestation, collective action and intrinsic motivations for conservation.

减少森林砍伐是最具成本效益的减缓气候变化办法之一。生态系统服务支付（PES）作为保护政策工具在发展中国家得到越来越多的实施，为保护工作提供有条件的激励。所谓的资产建设PES是基于这样的假设，即由于最初采用成本高，土地使用者不会采用环境友好的做法。PES在有限的时间内提供激励以克服这一障碍。在成功地采用对环境友好的做法之后，假定土地使用者在取消奖励措施后会坚持这些做法。拟议的项目将评估莫桑比克已终止的资产建设PES项目的几个长期方面：索法拉社区碳项目（SCCP）。2003年至2013年期间，2500多名小农签约采取各种农林复合措施，以换取现金支付。特别是，我们的项目将建立在准实验设计的基础上，以评估SCCP对PES的两个主要批评的影响：a)森林砍伐和碳封存方面的环境有效性。b)挤出小农固有的亲环境价值观和社会规范，以及社区为可持续利用自然资源采取集体行动的能力。我们的项目包括三个特定的工作包。WP1通过应用基于遥感的方法，在景观水平上评估SCCP对毁林、刀耕火种农业和农林业方面土地利用和土地覆盖变化的影响。WP2将研究和估算项目区域不同土地利用系统的地下和地上生物量和碳储量，这使我们能够估计SCCP对碳储量和固存的总体影响。因此，我们的研究首次利用空中和地面数据对资产建设PES进行了长期影响评估。第三阶段工作将采用混合方法，包括调查、经济实验和参与性讲习班，分析终止的项目对社区一级的内在环境保护价值、自决、控制点、集体行动和社会规范的影响。如果PES排挤了道德，那么引入PES方案也可能对生活的其他领域产生负面影响。这在小型农村社区尤其有害，在那里亲社会行为有助于许多其他非市场交流。我们的项目提供了一个独特而全面的视角，在大规模终止的PES项目背景下，货币激励对环境保护、人类行为及其潜在动机的影响，这有助于进一步发展特定情境的激励拥挤理论。

Reducing deforestation is one of the most cost-effective climate change mitigation options. Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) are now increasingly implemented in developing countries as conservation policy tools providing conditional incentives for conservation efforts. So-called asset-building PES are based on the assumption that environmental-friendly practices are not adopted by land-users due to high initial adoption costs. PES provide incentives for a limited time period to overcome this barrier. After a successful adoption of environmental-friendly practices it is assumed that land-users will stick to them after incentives have been removed. The proposed project will evaluate several long-term aspects of a terminated asset-building PES project in Mozambique: the Sofala community carbon project (SCCP). Between 2003 and 2013 more than 2500 smallholders were contracted to adopt various agro-forestry measures in return for cash payments. In particular, our project will build on a quasi-experimental design to evaluate the impacts of the SCCP with regard to two major criticisms concerning PES:a) Environmental effectiveness with respect to deforestation and carbon sequestration.b) Crowding-out of intrinsic pro-environmental values and social norms of smallholder farmers as well as communities’ capacities for collective action for the sustainable use of natural resources.Our project includes three specific work packages. WP1 evaluates the impact of the SCCP on land-use and land-cover changes with respect to deforestation, slash-and-burn agriculture and agroforestry at the landscape level by applying remote sensing-based methods. WP2 will study and estimate below- and above-ground biomass and carbon stocks of different land-use systems in the project region, which allows us to estimate the overall impact of the SCCP on carbon stocks and sequestration. Our study thus provides one of the first long term impact assessments of an asset-building PES using both data from the air and the ground. WP3 will apply a mixed methods approach including surveys, economic experiments and participatory workshops for analysing the impact of the terminated PES on intrinsic pro-environmental conservation values, self-determination, locus-of-control, collective action and social norms at the community level. If PES crowd-out morality, introducing PES schemes may have negative consequences in other spheres of life as well. This might be especially harmful in small rural communities where pro-social behaviour is instrumental for many other non-market exchanges. Our project delivers a unique and encompassing perspective on the effects of monetary incentives on environmental conservation, human behaviour and its underlying motives in the context of a large-scale terminated PES program, which contributes to further developing a context-specific motivation crowding theory.