Die Planung von Äußerungen aus sprachübergreifender Sicht

从跨语言角度规划陈述

• 批准号: 416769916
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Audrey Bürki, Ph.D.
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Department für Linguistik
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/416769916?language=en
• 关键词: Die; Planung; von; erungen; aus

Thoughts are holistic - thinking about a purple cow does not consist in thinking at something indefinite, something purple, and at a cow, sequentially- but the use of language requires that these thoughts be organized in time (such that the speaker says “a purple cow”, one word after the other). Speaking, like any cognitive task with a motor output, requires advanced planning. Planning strategies, e.g., how many words are planned ahead before the onset of articulation or in which order words are encoded within planning units, are poorly understood. Mixed findings across studies led several authors to suggest that planning strategies are flexible. The aim of the present project is to examine the principles that govern and limit this flexibility. It exploits the fact that in some utterances/languages, planning strategies are constraints by grammatical and phonological dependencies. In French for instance, the pronunciation of determiners or adjectives often depends on the gender of the noun (grammatical constraint, e.g., le beau chat ‘the nice cat’ vs. la belle pluie ‘the nice rain’), and on the phonology of the next word (phonological constraint, e.g., le beau chat vs. le bel âne ‘the nice donkey’). In order to produce these utterances without errors, speakers have no other choice but (1) to plan these utterances up to the end before the onset of articulation, and (2) to encode subsequent words first. In other words, phonological and grammatical constraints on word pronunciation define the minimal planning unit for these utterances and the order in which words are encoded. By contrast, in German, only grammatical information can constrain the pronunciation of determiners and adjectives (e.g., die Katze, der Tisch, große Katze, großer Tisch). The project examines the impact of cross-linguistic and cross-utterance differences in grammatical and phonological constraints on planning strategies, with several aims. The first aim is to test the hypothesis that flexibility in planning is limited by these constraints, when present. The second aim is to show that above these constraints, flexibility is used to accommodate communicative needs. The last aim is to determine whether planning strategies obey maximum consistency (all utterances of a certain type are planned similarly) or optimization principles (planning is adapted to the local requirements of each utterance) within and across languages. Three series of behavioural experiments will be conducted in which participants are asked to produce utterances of difference structures. Data will be collected in German, French, and English as utterances in these languages differ in the sets of grammatical and phonological constraints on word pronunciation. In addition, to providing novel insights into the cognitive architecture of the language production system, the present project will contribute to the long-standing debate about language-specificity versus language universals in language use.

思维是整体性的--思考一只紫色的奶牛并不意味着依次思考某个不确定的东西、某个紫色的东西和一头奶牛--但是语言的使用要求这些思维在时间上被组织起来（比如说话者一个词接一个词地说“一只紫色的奶牛”）。说话，就像任何有运动输出的认知任务一样，需要提前计划。规划战略，例如，在发音开始之前预先计划了多少单词，或者单词在计划单元内以何种顺序编码，这些都知之甚少。不同研究的结果导致几位作者认为规划策略是灵活的。本项目的目的是审查支配和限制这种灵活性的原则。它利用了这样一个事实，即在一些话语/语言，规划策略的语法和语音依赖性的约束。例如，在法语中，限定词或形容词的发音通常取决于名词的性别（语法约束，例如，LeBeauchat 'TheNiceCat'对拉贝尔Pluie 'TheNiceRain'），以及下一个单词的语音学（语音学约束，例如，le beau chat vs. le bel âne“the nice donkey”）。为了准确无误地发出这些话语，说话者别无选择，只能（1）在发音开始之前计划这些话语，直到发音结束，（2）首先对后续单词进行编码。换句话说，对单词发音的语音和语法约束定义了这些话语的最小规划单元和单词编码的顺序。相比之下，在德语中，只有语法信息可以限制限定词和形容词的发音（例如，（die Katze，der Tisch，greße Katze，greßer Tisch）.该项目研究了跨语言和跨话语的语法和语音限制规划策略的差异的影响，有几个目标。第一个目的是测试的假设，规划的灵活性是有限的，这些限制，当存在。第二个目的是表明，上述这些限制，灵活性是用来适应交际的需要。最后一个目标是确定规划策略是否遵循最大一致性（某种类型的所有话语都是类似地规划的）或优化原则（规划适合于每个话语的本地要求）。三个系列的行为实验将被进行，其中被试被要求产生不同结构的话语。数据将在德语，法语和英语中收集，因为这些语言中的话语在单词发音的语法和语音约束方面有所不同。此外，提供新的见解的认知结构的语言生产系统，本项目将有助于长期的辩论语言特异性与语言的普遍性在语言使用。