Die Planung von Äußerungen aus sprachübergreifender Sicht

从跨语言角度规划陈述

• 批准号: 416769916
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Audrey Bürki, Ph.D.
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Department für Linguistik
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/416769916?language=en
• 关键词: Die; Planung; von; erungen; aus

Thoughts are holistic - thinking about a purple cow does not consist in thinking at something indefinite, something purple, and at a cow, sequentially- but the use of language requires that these thoughts be organized in time (such that the speaker says “a purple cow”, one word after the other). Speaking, like any cognitive task with a motor output, requires advanced planning. Planning strategies, e.g., how many words are planned ahead before the onset of articulation or in which order words are encoded within planning units, are poorly understood. Mixed findings across studies led several authors to suggest that planning strategies are flexible. The aim of the present project is to examine the principles that govern and limit this flexibility. It exploits the fact that in some utterances/languages, planning strategies are constraints by grammatical and phonological dependencies. In French for instance, the pronunciation of determiners or adjectives often depends on the gender of the noun (grammatical constraint, e.g., le beau chat ‘the nice cat’ vs. la belle pluie ‘the nice rain’), and on the phonology of the next word (phonological constraint, e.g., le beau chat vs. le bel âne ‘the nice donkey’). In order to produce these utterances without errors, speakers have no other choice but (1) to plan these utterances up to the end before the onset of articulation, and (2) to encode subsequent words first. In other words, phonological and grammatical constraints on word pronunciation define the minimal planning unit for these utterances and the order in which words are encoded. By contrast, in German, only grammatical information can constrain the pronunciation of determiners and adjectives (e.g., die Katze, der Tisch, große Katze, großer Tisch). The project examines the impact of cross-linguistic and cross-utterance differences in grammatical and phonological constraints on planning strategies, with several aims. The first aim is to test the hypothesis that flexibility in planning is limited by these constraints, when present. The second aim is to show that above these constraints, flexibility is used to accommodate communicative needs. The last aim is to determine whether planning strategies obey maximum consistency (all utterances of a certain type are planned similarly) or optimization principles (planning is adapted to the local requirements of each utterance) within and across languages. Three series of behavioural experiments will be conducted in which participants are asked to produce utterances of difference structures. Data will be collected in German, French, and English as utterances in these languages differ in the sets of grammatical and phonological constraints on word pronunciation. In addition, to providing novel insights into the cognitive architecture of the language production system, the present project will contribute to the long-standing debate about language-specificity versus language universals in language use.

思想是整体的 - 思考紫色的牛并不包括在不确定的东西，紫色的东西和牛，但语言的使用需要及时组织这些想法（这样说话者说“紫色的牛”，另一个单词又一个又一个词）。像任何具有电动机输出的认知任务一样，讲话都需要高级计划。规划策略，例如，在发音开始之前，计划了多少个单词，或者在规划单位中编码顺序的单词是很众所周知的。研究的混合发现使几位作者表明计划策略是灵活的。本项目的目的是检查管理和限制这种灵活性的原则。它探讨了以下事实：在某些话语/语言中，计划策略是语法和语音依赖性的约束。例如，在法语中，确定词或形容词的发音通常取决于名词的性别（例如语法约束，例如，le beau聊天“好猫”与la belle plume“ the nice Rain”），以及下一个单词的短语（语音约束（E.为了在没有错误的情况下产生这些话语，说话者别无选择，只能（1）在发音开始之前将这些话语计划到末尾，以及（2）首先编码后续序列单词。换句话说，单词发音上的语音和语法约束定义了这些话语的最小规划单元以及单词编码的顺序。相比之下，在德语中，只有语法信息才能限制确定词和形容词的发音（例如，die katze，der tisch，großeKatze，großerTisch）。该项目以几种目的研究了语法和语音限制对计划策略的跨语言和跨词差异的影响。第一个目的是检验以下假设：在存在时，计划的灵活性受这些限制的限制。第二个目的是表明，在这些约束上，灵活性用于满足沟通需求。最后的目的是确定计划策略是否遵守最大一致性（一定类型的所有话语都类似）或优化原则（计划适应当地要求）将进行三个系列的行为实验，要求参与者产生差异结构的话语。数据将以德语，法语和英语收集为这些语言的话语，这些语言在单词发音的语法和语音限制集中不同。此外，为了对语言生产系统的认知结构提供新颖的见解，本项目将有助于关于语言使用中语言特定性与语言普遍性的长期辩论。