Die Planung von Äußerungen aus sprachübergreifender Sicht

从跨语言角度规划陈述

• 批准号: 416769916
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Audrey Bürki, Ph.D.
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Department für Linguistik
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2017-12-31 至 2021-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/416769916?language=en
• 关键词: Die; Planung; von; erungen; aus

Thoughts are holistic - thinking about a purple cow does not consist in thinking at something indefinite, something purple, and at a cow, sequentially- but the use of language requires that these thoughts be organized in time (such that the speaker says “a purple cow”, one word after the other). Speaking, like any cognitive task with a motor output, requires advanced planning. Planning strategies, e.g., how many words are planned ahead before the onset of articulation or in which order words are encoded within planning units, are poorly understood. Mixed findings across studies led several authors to suggest that planning strategies are flexible. The aim of the present project is to examine the principles that govern and limit this flexibility. It exploits the fact that in some utterances/languages, planning strategies are constraints by grammatical and phonological dependencies. In French for instance, the pronunciation of determiners or adjectives often depends on the gender of the noun (grammatical constraint, e.g., le beau chat ‘the nice cat’ vs. la belle pluie ‘the nice rain’), and on the phonology of the next word (phonological constraint, e.g., le beau chat vs. le bel âne ‘the nice donkey’). In order to produce these utterances without errors, speakers have no other choice but (1) to plan these utterances up to the end before the onset of articulation, and (2) to encode subsequent words first. In other words, phonological and grammatical constraints on word pronunciation define the minimal planning unit for these utterances and the order in which words are encoded. By contrast, in German, only grammatical information can constrain the pronunciation of determiners and adjectives (e.g., die Katze, der Tisch, große Katze, großer Tisch). The project examines the impact of cross-linguistic and cross-utterance differences in grammatical and phonological constraints on planning strategies, with several aims. The first aim is to test the hypothesis that flexibility in planning is limited by these constraints, when present. The second aim is to show that above these constraints, flexibility is used to accommodate communicative needs. The last aim is to determine whether planning strategies obey maximum consistency (all utterances of a certain type are planned similarly) or optimization principles (planning is adapted to the local requirements of each utterance) within and across languages. Three series of behavioural experiments will be conducted in which participants are asked to produce utterances of difference structures. Data will be collected in German, French, and English as utterances in these languages differ in the sets of grammatical and phonological constraints on word pronunciation. In addition, to providing novel insights into the cognitive architecture of the language production system, the present project will contribute to the long-standing debate about language-specificity versus language universals in language use.

思想是整体的——思考一头紫色的牛并不包括思考一些不确定的东西，紫色的东西和一头牛，顺序地——但是语言的使用要求这些思想在时间上被组织起来（比如说话者说“一头紫色的牛”，一个词接一个词）。说话，就像任何需要运动输出的认知任务一样，需要提前计划。规划策略，例如，在发音开始前计划了多少单词，或者在规划单元中以何种顺序编码单词，都很难理解。研究结果不一，几位作者认为，规划策略是灵活的。本项目的目的是审查支配和限制这种灵活性的原则。它利用了这样一个事实，即在一些话语/语言中，规划策略受到语法和语音依赖性的约束。例如，在法语中，限定词或形容词的发音通常取决于名词的性别（语法限制，例如，le beau chat是“好猫”，la belle pluie是“好雨”），以及下一个单词的音系限制（音系限制，例如，le beau chat是“好驴”，le bel <e:1>是“好驴”）。为了准确无误地说出这些话语，说话者别无选择，只能(1)在发音开始前将这些话语计划到最后，(2)首先对随后的单词进行编码。换句话说，单词发音的语音和语法约束定义了这些话语的最小规划单位和单词编码的顺序。相比之下，在德语中，只有语法信息可以限制限定词和形容词的发音（例如，die Katze, der Tisch, große Katze, großer Tisch）。该项目考察了跨语言和跨话语在语法和语音限制方面的差异对规划策略的影响，目的有几个。第一个目的是检验这样一个假设，即当存在这些约束时，规划的灵活性受到限制。第二个目的是表明，在这些限制之外，灵活性是用来适应交际需求的。最后一个目的是确定规划策略是否在语言内部和跨语言中遵循最大一致性（某种类型的所有话语都被相似地规划）或优化原则（规划适应每个话语的局部需求）。将进行三个系列的行为实验，要求参与者说出不同结构的话语。数据将以德语、法语和英语收集，因为这些语言的话语在单词发音的语法和语音限制方面存在差异。此外，为了对语言产生系统的认知结构提供新颖的见解，本项目将有助于解决长期以来关于语言使用中的语言特异性与语言普遍性的争论。