When does interpersonal communication affect communicators’ memory: The role of communicators’ own judgments in shared reality with the audience

在将他们的信息调整（调整）给受众之后，传播者的记忆往往在评价上偏向于受众对话题的判断。想象一下，团队成员A根据成员B（观众）的判断来调整她关于新人行为的信息。当A对新人行为的回忆在评价上偏向于观众的判断时，观众调谐记忆偏差就出现了。在第一个资助阶段，我们研究了基于传播者动机的认知过程，即与受众创造关于目标人物的共享现实。与可及性的动机解释一致（Eitam & Higgins 2010），在新的反应时间任务中，参与者对与观众一致（与不一致）的特征表征的反应更快。研究结果支持了记忆偏差源于情景记忆痕迹中语义特征信息的丰富这一观点（Cheng & Werning, 2016）。可及性偏见也与报告的共享现实体验相关。因此，信息的自发可及性是记忆效应的一个重要方面，反映了与受众共享的现实。本项目首次调查了传播者自己对话题的独立于受众的判断所起的作用。在第一部分中，我们将操纵传播者在其初始判断中的认知信心，这将限制潜在的共享现实，从而限制受众调谐记忆偏差。操纵的范围从个人层面的过程（单纯的思考和阐述，工作包/WP1）到二元过程（向先前的受众披露自己的判断，WP2），再到具有高（与低）认知权威的一群人的社会验证（WP3），逐渐接近现实生活中的交流。因为我们发现自由回忆和认知可及性相互干扰，我们将在单独的研究中评估这两种措施。为了提高概念的精确性，我们还将与P5合作对所提议的过程进行建模。第二部分（WPs 4和5）扩展了我们对自己行为的记忆方法，建立在自我相关信息是长期可访问的并且与人们的需求和动机高度相关的概念之上（Dings和Newen， 2021）。当参与者对自己先前的判断有较高（相对较低）的信心时，共同的现实和听众一致的记忆偏差不太可能发生，特别是当自我保护的需要很高时。相反，当传播者对自己的判断缺乏信心时，更有可能出现共同的现实和相应的记忆偏差（也包括负面的受众评价或与期望不一致的行为），特别是当自我保护需求较低时。这些发现将具有重要的意义，例如，对于目击者的记忆，社会网络中共享的有偏见的信念的持久性，以及具有相互冲突的过去记忆的社会群体之间的关系。

After tuning (adapting) their message to an audience, communicators’ memory is often evaluatively biased towards the audience’s judgment about the topic. Imagine that team member A tunes her message about a newcomer’s behaviors toward the judgment of member B (the audience). The audience-tuning memory bias emerges when A’s later recall of the newcomer’s behavior is evaluatively biased towards the audience’s judgment. In the first funding period, we examined cognitive processes anchored in communicators’ motivation to create a shared reality with the audience about a target person. Consistent with a motivational account of accessibility (Eitam & Higgins 2010), participants responded more quickly to audience-congruent (vs. incongruent) trait representations in a new reaction-time task. The findings support the notion that the memory bias results from the enrichment of episodic memory traces with semantic trait information (Cheng & Werning, 2016). The accessibility bias also correlated with reported shared reality experience. Thus, spontaneous accessibility of information is an important facet of the memory effect, reflecting shared reality with the audience.The present project investigates, for the first time, the role of communicators’ own, audience-independent judgments of the topic. In Part I, we will manipulate communicators’ epistemic confidence in their initial judgments, which should restrict potential shared reality and hence the audience-tuning memory bias. The manipulations range from individual-level processes (mere thinking and elaboration, Work Package/WP1) via dyadic processes (disclosure of one’s judgment to a prior audience, WP2) to social verification by a group of others with high (vs. low) epistemic authority (WP3), gradually approximating real-life communication. Because we found that free recall and cognitive accessibility interfere with one another, we will assess the two measures in separate studies. To enhance conceptual precision, we will also model the proposed processes in collaboration with P5.Part II (WPs 4 & 5) extends our approach to memory for one’s own behaviors, building on the notion that self-related information is chronically accessible and highly relevant to people’s needs and motivations (Dings & Newen, 2021). When participants have high (vs. low) confidence in their own prior judgments, shared reality and audience-congruent memory biases are less likely, especially when need for self-protection is high. Conversely, when communicators have low confidence in their own judgments, shared reality and corresponding memory biases are more likely to emerge (also for negative audience evaluations or expectancy-inconsistent behaviors), especially when need for self-protection is low. The findings will have important implications, for instance, for eyewitness memory, the persistence of biased beliefs shared in social networks, and relations between social groups with conflicting memories of the past.