Success, limits and failure of subsistence strategies in eastern Central Europe during the early Gravettian and the Last Glacial Maximum

大约是早期的格拉维特人。公元前33-29年，是一个文化和人口繁荣的时期，通过连接欧洲大片地区的狩猎-采集社区的长途通信网络，思想交流密集。在格拉维特时代晚期，即29 ka之后，气温和太阳日照的持续下降最终引发了北欧和中欧人口集群的崩溃。末次盛冰期（LGM; 26,5- 19ka）是一个温度较低但相对稳定的时期。在下奥地利州的Krems地区，高质量的早期Gravettian和LGM遗址的密度非常高，使其成为两个时期之间生存策略、土地利用模式和可能的适应性变化历时比较的关键区域。作为正在进行的d - a - ch项目中不同专业（旧石器时代考古学、地球化学、地理学等）研究小组的一员，申请人（K. Pasda）负责在下奥地利州与项目相关地点的动物遗骸研究问题的调查。为了确定生态系统可能的气候变化以及适应生存策略的迹象，申请人的调查集中在四个主题上：1。2.物种的存在、缺失和部分（确定Kammern-Grubgraben巨大骨考古材料的选择材料和项目相关地点的数据）；2 .通过啃食来间接表明某些物种的存在或不存在（样品分析）；3 .骨材料的同位素组成（与项目伙伴密切合作）；季节测定（牙年代学、牙齿薄切片、鹿角、种群结构）。由于新冠肺炎疫情限制出行，无法保持当前项目的时间表。因此，骨考古部分项目的延长是必要的，因为骨考古结果和为项目合作伙伴提供确定的分析材料对于整个d -A- ch项目的成功至关重要。中期结果提供了有希望的结果，特别是在Kammern-Grubgraben位点。这些结果使假设得到检验，并可能对早期格拉韦梯和LGM之间的变化提供见解。在旅行限制期间，一本关于两种相关狐种分化的手册已经编写完成。为了以合格和适当的方式完成这项调查，有必要使用世界公认的几何形态计量学方法进行分析。

The early Gravettian, approx. 33-29 ka, was a period of cultural and demographic prosperity and intensive exchange of ideas through long-distance communication networks connecting hunter-gatherer communities in large areas of Europe. During the late Gravettian, after 29 ka, a continued decline in temperatures and solar insolation eventually triggered a breakdown of population clusters in Northern and Central Europe. In contrast to the deteriorating environmental conditions of the late Gravettian, the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 26,5-19 ka) was a period of cool but comparatively stable temperatures. In the region of Krems, Lower Austria, the density of high-quality early Gravettian and LGM sites is remarkably high, making it a key region for a diachronic comparison of subsistence strategies, land-use patterns, and possible adaptive changes between the two periods. As part of a group of researchers of different specializations (Palaeolithic Archaeology, Geochemistry, Geography, etc.) in a running D-A-CH-project, the applicant (K. Pasda) is responsible for the investigation of research questions based on faunal remains of project relevant sites in Lower Austria. To identify possible climate-based changes of the ecosystem and so indications of adaption of subsistence strategies, the investigation of the applicant focusses on four topics: 1. presence, absence, and portion of species (determination of selected material of the huge osteoarchaeological material of Kammern-Grubgraben and inclusion of data of the project relevant sites), 2. indirect indication to presence or absence of certain species by attendance of gnawing (analysis of samples), 3. isotope composition of osteological material (in close cooperation with project partners), 4. seasonal determination (odontochronology, thin sectioning of teeth, antler, population structure). Due to the Covid19-travel restrictions, the time schedule of the current project could not be kept. A prolongation of the osteoarchaeological partial project therefore is necessary as the osteoarchaeological results and the supply of determined material for the analysis of the project partners is essential for the success of the whole D-A-CH-project. Interim results provide promising results especially to the site of Kammern-Grubgraben. These results lead to hypotheses to be checked and may give insight in changes between the Early Gravettian and the LGM. During the time of the travel restriction a manual about the differentiation of two related fox species has been developed. To finalise this investigation in a qualified and appropriate way, analyses with the method of the worldwide accepted Geometric Morphometric are necessary.