The revision of knowledge: on the genesis of “national language dictionaries” (kokugo jisho) and the commercialisation of "knowledge" in 17th and 18th century Ôsaka

《节用辞典》是15世纪后半叶出现的一种新型词典，出版了800多种，成为日本出版业的支柱之一。尽管它在经济上取得了成功，但大多数研究人员怀疑《节用辞典》作为“语言词典”的实际用途。《节令》被认为是一种过时的、不切实际的、有缺陷的印刷品。人们普遍认为，可靠的“国语词典”直到世纪中期才问世。然而，1716年由Aburaya在东京出版的Otoko setsuyôshnyoi hôju taisei（“完成愿望实现的珠宝：节省时间的男性收藏品”）似乎要求对所有先前的研究进行修订。该研究项目主张的论点是，这部作品的编辑山本Joshuo与他的Otoko Setsuyôshools一起对前Setsuyôshools不加批判地传递的知识进行了彻底的修订。山本一方面通过查阅历史文献/字典来验证给定的汉字阅读和书写，另一方面通过查阅当代的口语/方言字典来更新陈旧的词汇。山本的《音子节用论》可以被看作是对世纪初语言、文化、社会和经济领域发生的根本性范式转变的反应。由于他的创新性元水平评论令人印象深刻地反映了语言的历史性意识，音子节用shuo必须被认为是所有kokugo jisho的原型。通过文字学和历史文化学的全面分析，可以发现这部作品在节度使历史上所发挥的重要作用。第一步，将对《音子节度使》的原始木刻版画进行编辑、翻译和注释。在这个过程中，山本的元层面的评论将被系统地审查，以重建一个新的知识储备，山本试图实现他的同时代人在节度使。下一步，将与节度使的“祖先”Ekirinbon的词汇进行比较，将揭示山本对单词，发音（即阅读），正字法（即拼写）或汉字表示形式的修改，作为对上述范式转变的反应。在最后一步，将检查的生产和接收的历史背景的音子setsuyôshoes获得新的见解，在高度竞争的网络结构的出版社，专门在setsuyôshoes在日本，并得到一个更好的理解日益重要的“知识”作为一种商品在日常生活中的世纪。这最终也引出了一个至关重要的问题，即在18世纪的日本现代“知识社会”中，“写作”如何以及为什么开始在几乎所有的文化、社会或经济领域发挥如此突出的作用。

Setsuyôshû is a new type of dictionary that emerges in the second half of the 15th century and becomes, with more than 800 published titles, one of the pillars of the publishing business in Ôsaka.Despite its financial success, most researchers doubt Setsuyôshû’s practical use as a “language dictionary”. Setsuyôshû is considered an anachronistic, impractical, and flawed print product. It is widely believed that reliable “dictionaries of national language” (kokugo jisho) do not come into life until the middle of the 19th century. However, the Otoko setsuyôshû nyoi hôju taisei (“Completion of the wish-fulfilling jewel: the time-saving collection for men”) published 1716 by Aburaya in Ôsaka seems to call for a revision of all previous research. The research project advocates the thesis that Yamamoto Joshû, the editor of this work, undertakes with his Otoko setsuyôshû a thorough revision of knowledge that has been uncritically passed on by former Setsuyôshû. On the one hand, Yamamoto verifies the given reading and writing of Chinese characters by consulting historical documents/dictionaries, and, on the other hand, updates the antiquated vocabulary by consulting contemporary dictionaries of colloquial language/dialects. Yamamoto’s Otoko setsuyôshû can be seen as a reaction to a fundamental paradigm shift that takes place in the linguistic, cultural, social and economic sphere in the early 18th century. With his innovative meta-level commentaries that impressively reflects a consciousness of language’s historicity, Otoko setsuyôshû must be considered the prototype of all kokugo jisho. A thorough philological and historico-cultural analysis shall reveal the eminent role this work has actually played in the history of Setsuyôshû.In a first step, the original woodblock-print of the Otoko setsuyôshû will be edited, translated, and annotated. During this process, Yamamoto’s meta-level commentaries will be systematically scrutinized to reconstruct a new stock of knowledge Yamamoto tried to implement for his contemporaries in the Setsuyôshû. In a next step, a comparison with the vocabulary of the Ekirinbon, the “forefather” of the Setsuyôshû, will shed light on revisions made by Yamamoto regarding words, pronunciation (i.e. reading), orthography (i.e. spelling), or forms of representation of Chinese characters as a reaction to the before-mentioned paradigm shift. In a last step, the historical context of production and reception of the Otoko setsuyôshû will be examined to gain new insights in highly competitive network-structures of publishing houses specialised on Setsuyôshû in Ôsaka and to get a better understanding of the growing significance of “knowledge” as a commodity in the daily life of the 18th century. This finally leads also to the crucial question of how and why “writing” begins to play such an eminent role in virtually all cultural, social, or economical spheres in terms of a modern “knowledge-based society” in 18th century Japan.