The development of social thought in the Western middle ages

这个为期两年的项目旨在阐明西方中世纪关于人类社会的本质，目的和结构的思想。继上一年的研究涉及从教父时代结束到十二世纪后期的社会思想发展之后，今年的研究调查了从十三世纪开始到十六世纪世纪的中世纪社会思想，主要侧重于中世纪后期的发展。1992年4月，重新审查了调查方法，明确规定了各个调查人员的各自领域，并拟订了所需科学文献的清单。从5月到7月，研究了13世纪的社会思想，为了什么目的，研究人员根据以下主题分为三组：1。方济各会学校的社会思想; 2。以亚里士多德为中心的社会思想 关于我们 哲学（主要是托马斯阿奎那）; 3.世纪后期的奥古斯丁学派。从8月到12月，研究人员调查了从14世纪到16世纪世纪对社会认识的变化，而且，调查人员再次分成三个研究小组：德、英唯名论中的社会思想，特别是奥卡姆前后的社会思想;这一时期的史学和世俗社会哲学所反映的社会思想，特别是关于晚期经院哲学和早期意大利文艺复兴之间的关系（这里，公民理想和统治者理想之间的紧张关系是一个中心话题）; 3. 16世纪经院哲学的社会思想和社会伦理（在此讨论了它对近代早期国家概念的影响以及与发现新大陆有关的经院国际法理论）。1993年1月至3月，在全体会议上，全面了解了中世纪晚期的社会思想及其对早期现代社会理论的影响。少

This two-years-project aimed at the elucidation of Western medieval thought concerning the essence, purpose and structure of human society. Following the research of the previous year which dealt with the development of social thought from the end of the patristic age to the late twelfth century, this year's research investigated the medieval social thought from the beginning of the thirteenth century till the sixteenth century, stressing mainly the development in the later middle ages. In April 1992, the method of investigation has been re-examined, the respective fields of the individual investigators have been clearly defined, and lists of needed scientific literature have been drawn up. From May through July, the social thought of the thirteenth century has been studied, for what purpose the investigators have been divided into three groups according to the following subjects: 1. social thought in the Franciscan schools; 2. social thought in the schools centered around Aristotle's … More philosophy (mainly Thomas Aquinas); 3. the Augustinian school of the late thirteenth century. From August to December, the changes in the understanding of society from the fourteenth to the sixteenth century have been investigated, and, again, the investigators distributed into three study-groups: 1. the social thought in the German and English nominalism, especially around William Ockham; 2. the social thought reflected in the historiography and secular social philosophy of that period, especially with regard to the relation between late scholasticism and the early Italian renaissance (here, the tension between the ideal of the citizen and that of the ruler was a central topic); 3. the social thought and social ethics of the sixteenth century scholasticism (here, its influence on the early modern conception of the state and the scholastic theory of international law in relation to the discovery of the New World have been discussed). From January to March 1993, in plenary sessions a comprehensive understanding of late medieval social thought and its impact on the early modern theories of society has been developed. Less