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The tradition of the liberal arts during the middle ages

中世纪文科的传统

基本信息

批准号：
07451002
负责人：
OTANI Keiji
金额：
$ 3.52万
依托单位：
Sophia University (Jochi daigaku)
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
财政年份：
1995
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1995 至 1996
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

The tradition of the liberal arts, originating in the Greek sophists and developped in the classical rhetorical tradition, was received into the early Christian thought and education since Clement of Alexandria (end of 2nd c.), given an explicitly Christian interpretation and task through Augustine, but retained, at the same time, through Boethius' commetaries and manuals, its roots in the secular classical thought. From the end of the 6th c.to the end of the 8th c., among the seven liberal arts grammar, developped in Ireland and England, became the leading discipline, accompanied by some elementary knowledge of the quadrivium for practical purposes (computus of the ecclesiastical year). From the Carolingian period (9th c.) on, the Boethian cannon of the liberal arts, supplemented from Isidorus' of Sevilla summaries, has been intensively studied in the cloister and cathedral schools and enriched by the reading of newly re-discovered classical authors ; especially the disciplines of log … More ic, arithmetic and music showed a considerably high standard, until in the first half of the 12th c., all studies began to be centerd on logic and its metaphysical implications. During the 12th century, the trivium was restructured through the assimilation of the whole of Aristotelian logic since around 1130, the logification of the rhetorical 'topica', the increasing trend of treating grammar in logical terms, which led to the conceptions of speculative grammar since the middle of the 13th c. This dominance of logic over grammar and rhetoric paved the way for the scholastic thought of the 13th c., the fundamental function of the faculty of arts in the medieval university, for the reception of Aristotle's philosophy from 1150 on, as well as for the logical trend in late medieval theology, which, by way of reaction, caused the revival of classical rhetoric in the Italian renaissance. However, with the introduction of Aristotle's natural philosophy, metaphysics and psychology, philosophy, as Thomas Aquinas stated it, went definitively beyond the limits of the liberal arts and began to absorb them ; the mathematical quadrivium, which already had lost much of its academic importance during the 12th c.and was mingled with technical inventions and observations of the natural world, became resolved into (Aristotelian-Boethian) philosophy of nature and mathematics. On the other hand, a revival of the liberal arts, especially of the trivium, enlarged by new disciplines as history, moral philosophy and poetics, can be seen in the secondary education of the Renaissance period, which trend continued thanks to the curriculum of the latin gymnasium till recent times. Less

文科的传统，起源于希腊诡辩家和发展中的古典修辞传统，是收到到早期基督教思想和教育，因为克莱门特亚历山大（公元2世纪末），通过奥古斯丁给予了一个明确的基督教解释和任务，但同时，通过波爱修斯的commetaries和手册，它在世俗的古典思想的根源保留。从第6世纪末到第8世纪末，c.to在七门文科中，发展于爱尔兰和英国的语法成为了主要的学科，伴随着一些实用的四元法的基本知识（教会年的计算）。从古罗马时期（9 c.）上，博埃提亚大炮的文科，补充从伊西多鲁斯'的塞维利亚摘要，已深入研究，在修道院和大教堂学校和丰富的阅读新重新发现的古典作家;特别是日志学科 ...更多信息直到公元12世纪上半叶，所有的研究开始集中在逻辑及其形而上学的含义。在12世纪，通过对1130年以来的全部阿伦特逻辑的吸收、修辞“主题”的逻辑化、用逻辑术语处理语法的趋势的增加，三论被重新构建，这导致了13世纪中期以来的思辨语法概念。这种逻辑对语法和修辞的支配地位为13世纪的经院哲学思想铺平了道路，中世纪大学文学院的基本功能，从1150年开始接受亚里士多德的哲学，以及中世纪后期神学的逻辑趋势，通过反应，导致了意大利文艺复兴时期古典修辞学的复兴。然而，随着亚里士多德的自然哲学、形而上学和心理学的引入，哲学，正如托马斯阿奎那所说，明确地超越了文科的界限，开始吸收文科;数学的四位一体，在12世纪已经失去了它的学术重要性，并与技术发明和对自然世界的观察相结合，成为解决到（亚里士多德-Boethian）的自然哲学和数学。另一方面，文艺复兴时期的中等教育中可以看到文科的复兴，特别是三科，被历史，道德哲学和诗学等新学科所扩大，这一趋势一直持续到近代，这要归功于拉丁体育馆的课程。少