Autonomous ditributed control system in the autonomic nervous system : Physiological and bio-engineering approaches

1.从成年豚鼠分离的小肠引起了蠕动运动。在机械去除粘膜和粘膜下层但含有肌间神经丛和两个平滑肌层（环形和长肌层）的肠中保留了引起痉挛的能力。据推测，肠神经系统内组织的机制独立于中枢神经系统的调节。因此，肠道对肠道运动具有内在的自主控制系统。2.利用不同部位的肠道，分析了神经肽Y、P物质和神经激肽A在肠道神经系统中的作用，证明了肠道神经元功能的区域性差异。3.大量的钙内流激活了钙结合蛋白的钙结合、钙向细胞外空间的挤出、钙向钙储存部位的摄取和钙泵。所有这些都参与维持细胞Ca稳态。钠钾泵α 3亚型在神经细胞和心脏兴奋传导系统中都有分布，提示α 3亚型的泵功能对兴奋细胞的自主兴奋是必不可少的。4.应用视频增强微分干涉相差显微镜观察新生大鼠Broca斜角带神经元的生长锥。丝状伪足在高钾刺激下以1 μ m/s的速度从生长锥处迅速伸长，并在刺激结束时缩回。叶状伪足的顶端明显呈布朗运动。在与其他邻近神经元接触之前，一种递质物质乙酰胆碱被储存在生长锥中，甚至从生长锥中释放出来。这些过程被认为在组织神经网络中起着重要作用。

1.The small intestine isolated from adult guinea-pigs provoked perisitaltic movement. The ability of provoking peristalsis was preserved in the intestine from which both mucosa and submucosa were mechainically removed but which contained the myenteric plexus and two smooth muscle layrs (circular and longuitudinal) . It is speculated that the peristalsis is regulated by mechanisms organized within the enteric nervous system independent from the central nervous system. Thus, the intestine is provided with an intrinsic autonomic control system with regards to the intestinal movement.2.Actions of neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y,substance P and neurokinin A,in the enteric nervous system were analyzed using various portions of the intestine, demonstrating the evidence of regional differences in the function of the enteric neurons. ATP and L-DOPA modulated transmitter release in the enteric nervous system.3.A large amount of Ca influx activated Ca-binding of Ca-bindeing proteins, Ca extrusion to extracellular space, Ca uptake into Ca storage sites, and Ca pump. All of these are involved in maintaining the cellular Ca homeostasis. Na-K pump alpha3 isoform was found to localize both in nerve cells and in the heart excitation conducting system, suggesting the alpha3 isoform pump function is essential to the autonomous excitation of excitable cells.4.Growth cones of cultured neurones isolated from the diagonal band of Broca of new born rats were observed using the video-enhanced differential interference contrast microscopy. Filopodia rapidly elongated at about 1mum/s from the growth cone in response to high potassium stimulation and retracted upon the end of stimulation. The tip of folopodia moved apparently in a Brownian manner. Before making a contact with other neighboring neurons, a transmitter substance, acetylcholin, was stored and even released in and from the growth cone. These processes are supposed to play an important role in organizing neural networks.