Earthquake Disaster Vnlnerability Assessment of Cities in Some Countries and Comparative Study on Them

通过对包括日本在内的几个国家的一些主要城市的地震灾害脆弱性的研究，阐明了以下要点。(1)人口和经济活动集中在大城市的现象在发展中区域比在发达国家更为明显。此外，就“抗震效率”而言，人口密集的建筑和设施明显比发达国家的建筑和设施更脆弱。因此，发展中地区的城市面临着地震活动造成的“建筑物损坏”的高度集中的风险。正是这一事实决定了地震后预防措施和紧急行动的内容和基本方向，目的是建立能够抵御灾害的城市地区。特别是，与日本的同时多个计划的对策相反，许多发展中地区的地震对策计划的基本方向是“如何制定灾害 ...更多信息 防止多处建筑物同时倒塌的对策计划”。(2)根据从现有地震目录中收集的灾害数据，我们导出了一个经验方程，将受灾国的人均GNP与按死亡人数标准化的地震损失额相关联。应用该方程考察了人均GNP与受灾国GNP损失率之间的关系，结果表明，具有临界经济的发展中国家对地震的相对经济脆弱性。(3)本文试图从1995年坂神淡路大地震中揭示的影响科比市灾害状况的关键因素入手，并与日本其他主要城市进行比较。我们提取了日本每个城市的特征指数，使我们能够根据主成分分析来评估每个城市的抗震能力。因此，我们发现，大地震前的科比市是一个典型的日本大城市，许多日本大城市比科比弱。因此，在这些城市中实施防震对策已成为当务之急。例如，我们发现市川、川崎、横滨、千叶、大坂、福冈和仙台的城市比科比弱。(4)本文建立了城市地震灾害危险性定量评价方法，并对部分城市进行了比较研究。因此，我们在研究（3）中选择的城市仅仅是一个例子，我们开发的方法旨在适用于世界上任何规模和位置的任何城市。少

The main points clarified by this research on vulnerability of urban earthquake disasters in some major cities in several countries including Japan are as follows.(1) The concentration of population and economic activity in major cities is more marked in developing regions than in developed countries. Moreover, densey concentrated buildings and facilities are markedly more vulnerable than those in developed countries in terms of "earthquake resistance efficienty". As a result, cities in developing regions face a heavily concentrated risk of "damage to buildings" caused by earthquake activity. It is this fact that determines the content and basic direction of preventive measures and emergency action after an earthquake, designed to create urban areas that can withstand disasters. In particular, in contrast to Japan, where countermeasures against simultaneous multiple outplans, the basic direction of earthquake counterneasure plans in many developing regions is "how to formulate disaster … More prevention countermeasure plans to withstand simultaneous multiple collapses of buildings".(2) On the basis of disaster data collected from an existing earthquake catalog, we derived an empirical equation to correlate the per capita GNP of affected country with the damage amount in an earthquake normalized by the number of death. The equation was applied to examine the relationship between per capita GNP and the rate of damage to an affected country's GNP.The result suggested relative economic vulnerability to earthquake in developing coutries having threshold economy.(3) We have attempted to oomprehend the key factors that determined the disaster status of the city of Kobe as revealed by the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earhtquake, and compared them with those of other major Japanese cities. We have extracted indices of characteristics for each city in Japan to enable us to evaluate each city's the vulnerablity against earthquakes based on a primary component analysis. As a result, we have found that the city of Kobe before the Great Hnshin-Awaji Earthquake was a typical major Japanese city, and that many major Japanese cities were weaker than Kobe. Therefore, implementation of earthquake-proof countermeasures in those cities is now an urgent requirment. For example, we have found that the cities of Ichikawa, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Chiba, Osaka, Fukuoka, and Sendai are weaker than the city of Kobe.(4) We developed a quantitative earthquake disaster valnerability assessment of cities and carried out a comparative study on some cities. Thus, the cities we selected in our study (3) are merely an example, and the methodology that we developed is intended to be applicable to any city of any size and location worldwide. Less