Earthquake Disaster Vnlnerability Assessment of Cities in Some Countries and Comparative Study on Them

本研究对包括日本在内的几个国家的主要城市的城市地震灾害易损性的研究阐明了以下几点：(1)发展中地区人口和经济活动向主要城市集中的现象比发达国家更为明显。此外，密集的建筑和设施在“抗震效率”方面明显比发达国家的建筑和设施更脆弱。因此，发展中地区的城市面临着由地震活动引起的“建筑物破坏”的高度集中风险。正是这一事实决定了震后预防措施和紧急行动的内容和基本方向，这些措施和行动旨在创造能够抵御灾害的城市地区。特别是，与日本针对同时发生的多个外生计划的对策不同，许多发展中地区的地震对策规划的基本方向是“如何制定灾害……更多的预防对策计划以抵御建筑物同时发生的多次倒塌”。(2)基于现有地震目录中收集的灾害数据，导出了受灾国家人均国民生产总值与经死亡人数归一化的地震损失额之间的经验方程。该方程用于研究人均国民生产总值与受灾国家国民生产总值的损失率之间的关系。结果表明，具有阈值经济的发展中国家对地震的相对经济脆弱性。(3)我们试图理解1995年阪神-淡路大地震所揭示的决定神户市灾害状况的关键因素，并将其与日本其他主要城市进行比较。我们提取了日本每个城市的特征指数，使我们能够在主成分分析的基础上评估每个城市的地震脆弱性。因此，我们发现阪神大地震前的神户市是典型的日本大城市，而且许多日本大城市都比神户弱。因此，在这些城市实施抗震对策是当务之急。例如，我们发现市川市、川崎市、横滨市、千叶市、大阪市、福冈市和仙台市比神户市弱。(4)建立了城市地震灾害易损性定量评价体系，并对部分城市进行了对比研究。因此，我们在研究中选择的城市(3)只是一个例子，我们开发的方法旨在适用于全球任何规模和位置的任何城市。少

The main points clarified by this research on vulnerability of urban earthquake disasters in some major cities in several countries including Japan are as follows.(1) The concentration of population and economic activity in major cities is more marked in developing regions than in developed countries. Moreover, densey concentrated buildings and facilities are markedly more vulnerable than those in developed countries in terms of "earthquake resistance efficienty". As a result, cities in developing regions face a heavily concentrated risk of "damage to buildings" caused by earthquake activity. It is this fact that determines the content and basic direction of preventive measures and emergency action after an earthquake, designed to create urban areas that can withstand disasters. In particular, in contrast to Japan, where countermeasures against simultaneous multiple outplans, the basic direction of earthquake counterneasure plans in many developing regions is "how to formulate disaster … More prevention countermeasure plans to withstand simultaneous multiple collapses of buildings".(2) On the basis of disaster data collected from an existing earthquake catalog, we derived an empirical equation to correlate the per capita GNP of affected country with the damage amount in an earthquake normalized by the number of death. The equation was applied to examine the relationship between per capita GNP and the rate of damage to an affected country's GNP.The result suggested relative economic vulnerability to earthquake in developing coutries having threshold economy.(3) We have attempted to oomprehend the key factors that determined the disaster status of the city of Kobe as revealed by the 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earhtquake, and compared them with those of other major Japanese cities. We have extracted indices of characteristics for each city in Japan to enable us to evaluate each city's the vulnerablity against earthquakes based on a primary component analysis. As a result, we have found that the city of Kobe before the Great Hnshin-Awaji Earthquake was a typical major Japanese city, and that many major Japanese cities were weaker than Kobe. Therefore, implementation of earthquake-proof countermeasures in those cities is now an urgent requirment. For example, we have found that the cities of Ichikawa, Kawasaki, Yokohama, Chiba, Osaka, Fukuoka, and Sendai are weaker than the city of Kobe.(4) We developed a quantitative earthquake disaster valnerability assessment of cities and carried out a comparative study on some cities. Thus, the cities we selected in our study (3) are merely an example, and the methodology that we developed is intended to be applicable to any city of any size and location worldwide. Less