Oaths in Ancient Mesopotamia and Gods as Legal Identities

古代美索不达米亚的誓言和作为法律身份的诸神

• 批准号: 05610032
• 负责人: IWATA
• 金额: $ 0.9万
• 依托单位: Toyo Eiwa University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
• 财政年份: 1993
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1993 至 1994
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-05610032/
• 关键词: Ancient Mesopotamia; Assyria; Seal; Eunuch; Kingship ideology; バビロニア; 奉納; 契約; 生命の木

This research had originally aimed at studying oaths in the ancient Mesopotamian society and their religious background. When I started to study the seals of the Neo-Assyrian period (ca. 1000-600 BC) which should form a part of the research, I was allowed to consider some important unpublished seals. I focused, therefore, on the study of seals and found the facts as follow :1. According to the seal inscriptions the owners of the seals were a god, a priest, kings, officials, etc. The owner is often depicted on the seal as a worshiper before a depiction of a god and/or a goddess. A eunuch's seal depicts a beardless worshiper. At that time there were two groups of the officials, namely the "bearded" and the "eunuchs". If a seal shows a beardless worshiper without inscription, it can be assumed a eunuch's seal. Based on these principles I recognized a high proportion of eunuchs' seals among the Neo-Assyrian seals. This coinsides with the fact that the eunuchs had high positions in the Neo-Assyrian bureaucracy. The inscribed seals of governors reveal that many of them were eunuchs.2. I identified the votive seal of a governor of the city Ashur. This seal had not been regarded as a votive seal because the inscription had not been read correctly. As the inscription tells us the seal was dedicated by the governor to the goddess Gula on behalf of the longevity of the king, his lord. On the seal are depicted a beardless worshiper, the king, and the goddess. As mentioned above, it can be assumed that the governor was a eunuch because of his beardless depiction.3. I concluded from the analyzes of the depictions on the seals that the officials especially worshiped the god Ninurta and his divine consort Gula. One of Ninurta's roles in a myth was to venquish a monster. Vanquishing enemies, the Neo-Assyrian king was identified with Ninurta in the ideology of the Neo-Assyrian kingship. This could be a significant reason why Ninurta and Gula were often worshiped by the officials.

本研究最初旨在研究古代美索不达米亚社会中的誓言及其宗教背景。当我开始研究新亚述时期的印章时（约公元前200年）。公元前1000-600年），这应该是研究的一部分，我被允许考虑一些重要的未出版的印章。因此，笔者将研究的重点放在印章上，发现以下事实：1.根据印章铭文，印章的所有者是神，牧师，国王，官员等，印章上的所有者通常被描绘为神和/或女神之前的崇拜者。一个太监的印章描绘了一个没有胡子的崇拜者。当时有两类官员，即“胡子”和“太监”。如果印上的是一个没有题字的无须朝拜者，那就可以认为是宦官的印。基于这些原则，我认识到在新亚述印章中太监印章的比例很高。这与宦官在新亚述官僚机构中的地位很高的事实相吻合。从总督的印文可以看出，他们中有许多人是宦官。我认出了亚述城一个总督的许愿印章。这枚印章没有被认为是一个还愿印章，因为铭文没有被正确阅读。正如铭文告诉我们的那样，这枚印章是由总督献给女神古拉的，代表国王的长寿，他的主。在印章上描绘了一个没有胡子的崇拜者，国王和女神。如上所述，可以假设总督是一个太监，因为他没有胡子。通过对印文文字的分析，笔者认为当时的官员们特别崇拜尼奴塔神和他的神妃姑剌。尼奴塔在神话中扮演的角色之一就是杀死一个怪物。征服敌人，新亚述国王在新亚述王权的意识形态中与尼奴塔等同。这可能是尼奴塔和古拉经常受到官员崇拜的重要原因。

项目成果

赤澤威(第一著者): "文明学原論・江上波夫先生米寿記念論集" 山川出版社, 448 (1995)

赤泽武史（第一作者）：《文明的原理：纪念江上浪雄的米树论文集》山川出版社，448（1995）

Kazuko WATANABE: "Ein weiteres beschriftetes Eunuchensiegel" Neuvelles assgriologiques breves et utilitaires. 1994/3. 60-61 (1994)

Kazuko WATANABE：“Ein weiteres beschriftetes Eunuchensiegel”Neuvelles assgriologiques breves et utilitaires。

赤沢威: "文明学原論・江上波夫先生米寿記念論集" 山川出版社, 448 (1995)

赤泽武：《文明的原理：纪念江上浪男教授的米树论文集》山川出版社，448（1995）

Kazuko WATANABE: "Neuassyrische Siegellegende" Orient. 29. 109-137 (1993)

渡边和子：“新西西里战争”东方。

小川 英雄: "聖なる空間" リトン, 328 (1993)

小川英夫：《神圣的空间》Riton，328 (1993)