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The geography of knowledge in Assyria and Babylonia, 700-200 BCE: a diachronic comparison of four scholarly libraries

公元前 700-200 年亚述和巴比伦的知识地理：四个学术图书馆的历时比较

基本信息

批准号：
AH/E509258/1
负责人：
Eleanor Robson
金额：
$ 100.26万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2007
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2007 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FE509258%2F1
关键词：
geography knowledge Assyria Babylonia 700

项目摘要

Where is knowledge generated? How is that knowledge replicated and spread? Where is it consumed? Who owns knowledge, and who may access it? Under what circumstances, and in what places, does it flourish or die out? How are its transmission and reception influenced by social and political factors? These are central questions in the history and sociology of science today. However, they have never been asked of two of the world's oldest literate intellectual cultures, namely Assyria and Babylonia in the first millennium BCE. Early in that millennium, Assyria was by far the most powerful empire of the Mediterranean and Middle East. The ideology of empire centred on the symbiotic relationship between the king and the great god Ashur: military conquest was both an act of devotion and confirmation of Ashur's support. But Assyrian kingship depended not solely on piety and military might: a retinue of scholarly advisors guided royal decision making through the observation and analysis of omens, and the performance of appropriate rituals. The scholars in turn depended on large libraries holding a wide range of scholarly works written on cuneiform tablets, from astronomy to mythology, held both in private households and in institutions such as temples and palaces. After Assyria fell in 612 BCE, scholarly activity continued and developed under the patronage of wealthy urban temples in Babylonia. Here scholarship was adapted lo new purposes of maintaining the intellectual integrity and social status of the native religions in the face of new ways of thinking and believing, under both Iranian (c.540330 BCE; c.130 BCE onwards) and Greek (0.330130 BCE) rulers. New genres came into being; others were adapted or survived relatively unchanged; still others disappeared completely. Temples were the last bastions of cuneiform scholarship until at least the final centuries BCE.While many hundreds of individual scholarly works have been edited and published from cuneiform libraries, there have been almost no in-depth studies of the libraries in their entirety. Previous analyses have decontextualized and fragmented Assyro-Babylonian scholarship into modern disciplinary categories such as 'science', 'magic', and 'religion'. This project aims to restore context and coherence to that scholarship by studying it holistically. To that end we plan to undertake a comparative study of four scholarly libraries for which adequate archaeological data exist: one from a royal! temple in the Assyrian heartland in northern Iraq and another from a family house at the edge of the Assyrian empire, in southeast Turkey, both of which were destroyed c.612 BCE; one from a private house from area Ue 18 in the south Babylonian city of Uruk, c.450300 BCE, and another from Resh, the temple of the great sky god Anu-Zeus in the same city, c.200 BCE. We will use open, standards-based encoding to create a digital corpus of the cuneiform tablets in the Sumerian and Akkadian languages (comprising photos, transliterations, translations, and bibliography). We will make quantitative analyses of their linguistic and orthographic features to look for small-scale and large-scale geographical and diachronic change. We will use methodology from the history of science to explain those continuities, changes, and idiosyncrasies in relation to the social, intellectual, and political contexts in which the scholars were writing. The project team will comprise Dr Graham Cunningham, a cuneiformist expert in digital corpus linguistics methodology; Dr Frances Reynolds, a specialist in first millennium intellectual culture; and Dr Philippe Clancier, a historian of cuneiform scholarly libraries. Dr Eleanor Robson, the principal investigator, has interests and expertise in all these fields as well as the history of science. Professor Steve Tinney, project partner and co-director, is the driving force behind the standard setting Cuneiform Digital Library consortium in the USA.

知识是从哪里产生的？这些知识是如何复制和传播的？它在哪里消费？谁拥有知识，谁可以获取知识？在什么情况下，在什么地方，它是兴盛还是消亡？它的传播和接受如何受到社会和政治因素的影响？这些都是当今科学史和科学社会学中的中心问题。然而，他们从来没有被问及世界上最古老的两个有文化的文化，即公元前一千年的亚述和巴比伦。在那个千年之初，亚述是地中海和中东最强大的帝国。帝国的意识形态以国王和伟大的神阿舒尔之间的共生关系为中心：军事征服既是一种奉献行为，也是对阿舒尔支持的确认。但亚述王权不仅仅依赖于虔诚和军事力量：一批学者顾问通过观察和分析预兆以及举行适当的仪式来指导王室的决策。这些学者反过来依赖于大型图书馆，这些图书馆保存着从天文学到神话的各种楔形碑文上的学术著作，既有私人收藏的，也有寺庙和宫殿等机构收藏的。在公元前612年亚述陷落后，学术活动在巴比伦富裕的城市寺庙的赞助下继续和发展。在这里，根据伊朗(公元前540330年起；公元前130年起)和希腊(公元前0.330130年)尺子，在面对新的思维和信仰方式的情况下，学术被调整为保持当地宗教的智力完整性和社会地位的新目的。新的流派出现了；其他的被改编或存活了下来，相对没有变化；还有一些完全消失了。寺庙是楔形文字学术的最后堡垒，至少直到公元前最后几个世纪。虽然楔形文字图书馆编辑和出版了数百部个人学术著作，但几乎没有对图书馆整体的深入研究。以前的分析已经将亚述-巴比伦学术脱离了背景，并支离破碎，分成了现代学科类别，如“科学”、“魔法”和“宗教”。这个项目旨在通过整体研究来恢复这一学术的背景和连贯性。为此，我们计划对四个有足够考古数据的学术图书馆进行比较研究：一个来自王室！一座来自伊拉克北部亚述心脏地带的神庙，另一座来自土耳其东南部亚述帝国边缘的一座家族住宅，这两座神庙都在公元前612年被摧毁；一座来自巴比伦南部城市乌鲁克18区的私人住宅，公元前450300年，另一座来自雷什，伟大的天空之神阿努宙斯的神庙，公元前200年。我们将使用开放的、基于标准的编码来创建苏美尔语和阿卡迪亚语的楔形文字数字语料库(包括照片、音译、翻译和书目)。我们将对它们的语言和拼写特征进行量化分析，以寻找小范围和大范围的地理和历时变化。我们将使用科学史中的方法论来解释那些与学者写作所处的社会、知识和政治背景有关的连续性、变化和特质。该项目团队将包括数字语料库语言学方法论方面的楔形主义专家格雷厄姆·坎宁安博士、第一个千年知识文化专家弗朗西斯·雷诺兹博士和楔形文字学术图书馆历史学家菲利普·克兰西耶博士。首席研究员埃莉诺·罗布森博士对所有这些领域以及科学史都有兴趣和专业知识。项目合伙人兼联席主任Steve Tinney教授是美国标准制定楔形数字图书馆联盟的幕后推手。