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The geography of knowledge in Assyria and Babylonia, 700-200 BCE: a diachronic comparison of four scholarly libraries

公元前 700-200 年亚述和巴比伦的知识地理：四个学术图书馆的历时比较

基本信息

批准号：
AH/E509258/1
负责人：
Eleanor Robson
金额：
$ 100.26万
依托单位：
University of Cambridge
依托单位国家：
英国
项目类别：
Research Grant
财政年份：
2007
资助国家：
英国
起止时间：
2007 至无数据
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=AH%2FE509258%2F1
关键词：
geography knowledge Assyria Babylonia 700

项目摘要

Where is knowledge generated? How is that knowledge replicated and spread? Where is it consumed? Who owns knowledge, and who may access it? Under what circumstances, and in what places, does it flourish or die out? How are its transmission and reception influenced by social and political factors? These are central questions in the history and sociology of science today. However, they have never been asked of two of the world's oldest literate intellectual cultures, namely Assyria and Babylonia in the first millennium BCE. Early in that millennium, Assyria was by far the most powerful empire of the Mediterranean and Middle East. The ideology of empire centred on the symbiotic relationship between the king and the great god Ashur: military conquest was both an act of devotion and confirmation of Ashur's support. But Assyrian kingship depended not solely on piety and military might: a retinue of scholarly advisors guided royal decision making through the observation and analysis of omens, and the performance of appropriate rituals. The scholars in turn depended on large libraries holding a wide range of scholarly works written on cuneiform tablets, from astronomy to mythology, held both in private households and in institutions such as temples and palaces. After Assyria fell in 612 BCE, scholarly activity continued and developed under the patronage of wealthy urban temples in Babylonia. Here scholarship was adapted lo new purposes of maintaining the intellectual integrity and social status of the native religions in the face of new ways of thinking and believing, under both Iranian (c.540330 BCE; c.130 BCE onwards) and Greek (0.330130 BCE) rulers. New genres came into being; others were adapted or survived relatively unchanged; still others disappeared completely. Temples were the last bastions of cuneiform scholarship until at least the final centuries BCE.While many hundreds of individual scholarly works have been edited and published from cuneiform libraries, there have been almost no in-depth studies of the libraries in their entirety. Previous analyses have decontextualized and fragmented Assyro-Babylonian scholarship into modern disciplinary categories such as 'science', 'magic', and 'religion'. This project aims to restore context and coherence to that scholarship by studying it holistically. To that end we plan to undertake a comparative study of four scholarly libraries for which adequate archaeological data exist: one from a royal! temple in the Assyrian heartland in northern Iraq and another from a family house at the edge of the Assyrian empire, in southeast Turkey, both of which were destroyed c.612 BCE; one from a private house from area Ue 18 in the south Babylonian city of Uruk, c.450300 BCE, and another from Resh, the temple of the great sky god Anu-Zeus in the same city, c.200 BCE. We will use open, standards-based encoding to create a digital corpus of the cuneiform tablets in the Sumerian and Akkadian languages (comprising photos, transliterations, translations, and bibliography). We will make quantitative analyses of their linguistic and orthographic features to look for small-scale and large-scale geographical and diachronic change. We will use methodology from the history of science to explain those continuities, changes, and idiosyncrasies in relation to the social, intellectual, and political contexts in which the scholars were writing. The project team will comprise Dr Graham Cunningham, a cuneiformist expert in digital corpus linguistics methodology; Dr Frances Reynolds, a specialist in first millennium intellectual culture; and Dr Philippe Clancier, a historian of cuneiform scholarly libraries. Dr Eleanor Robson, the principal investigator, has interests and expertise in all these fields as well as the history of science. Professor Steve Tinney, project partner and co-director, is the driving force behind the standard setting Cuneiform Digital Library consortium in the USA.

知识是从哪里产生的？知识是如何复制和传播的？在哪里消费？谁拥有知识，谁可以获取知识？在什么情况下，在什么地方，它会繁荣或消亡？它的传播和接受如何受到社会和政治因素的影响？这些都是当今科学史和社会学的核心问题。然而，他们从来没有被问及世界上最古老的两个有文字的知识文化，即公元前一千年的亚述和巴比伦。在那个千年的早期，亚述是地中海和中东地区最强大的帝国。帝国的意识形态集中在国王和伟大的阿舒尔神之间的共生关系上：军事征服既是一种奉献的行为，也是对阿舒尔支持的确认。但亚述人的王权并不仅仅依赖于虔诚和军事力量：一群学术顾问通过对预兆的观察和分析以及适当的仪式来指导王室决策。反过来，学者们依赖于拥有大量楔形文字平板上的学术著作的大型图书馆，从天文学到神话学，这些著作在私人家庭和寺庙和宫殿等机构中都有。公元前612年亚述沦陷后，在巴比伦富有的城市寺庙的赞助下，学术活动继续发展。面对新的思维和信仰方式，在伊朗（c.540330）和伊朗（c.540330）统治下，学术适应了新的目的，即维护本土宗教的知识完整性和社会地位公元前;c.130和希腊（公元前0.330130）统治者。新的体裁出现了；另一些则相对不变地适应或存活了下来；还有一些人完全消失了。寺庙是楔形文字学术的最后堡垒，至少直到公元前最后几个世纪。虽然从楔形文字图书馆编辑和出版了数以百计的个人学术著作，但几乎没有对这些图书馆的整体进行深入研究。先前的分析已经将亚述-巴比伦的学术从语境中分离出来，分散到现代学科类别中，如“科学”、“魔法”和“宗教”。该项目旨在通过整体研究来恢复该奖学金的背景和连贯性。为此，我们计划对四个有足够考古资料的学术图书馆进行比较研究：一个来自王室！一座神庙位于伊拉克北部的亚述中心地带，另一座来自土耳其东南部亚述帝国边缘的一所家庭住宅，这两座神庙都在公元前612年被毁公元前;其中一个来自古巴比伦南部城市乌鲁克u18区的一所私人住宅，时间约450300年另一座是建于公元前200年的雷什，这座城市是伟大的天神阿努-宙斯的神庙公元前。我们将使用开放的、基于标准的编码来创建苏美尔语和阿卡德语楔形文字的数字语料库（包括照片、音译、翻译和参考书目）。我们将对他们的语言和正字法特征进行定量分析，以寻找小尺度和大尺度的地理和历时变化。我们将使用科学史的方法论来解释那些与学者们写作的社会、知识和政治背景有关的连续性、变化和特质。项目团队将包括Graham Cunningham博士，数字语料库语言学方法学方面的楔形文字专家；第一千年知识分子文化专家弗朗西丝·雷诺兹博士；以及研究楔形文字学术图书馆的历史学家菲利普·克兰泽博士。首席研究员埃莉诺·罗布森博士对所有这些领域以及科学史都有兴趣和专业知识。Steve Tinney教授是项目合作伙伴和联合主管，是美国楔形文字数字图书馆联盟标准制定背后的推动力量。