Marketing Systems and Marketing Efficiencies of Main Food Products and Inputs

为了提高主要食品和动物饲料的营销效率，对营销效率进行了评估并提出了建议。所得结果如下：对蔬菜营销中生产者和批发商的交易成本进行了估算，发现交易成本是影响效率的决定成本之一。建议扩大批量和质量标准化，以减少成本。根据盈利能力和劳动生产率，蔬菜批发商的技术效率和规模效率通过DEA（数据包络分析）进行估算。发现效率差异很大，规模经济不显著。我们认为质量管理和相关处理程序是造成这一现象的主要原因。建议在生产商拥有的工厂将原料食品加工成最终产品，以获得额外的增值。然而，强调产品差异化是成功的重要战略因素之一。为了降低牛奶的生产成本，建议引入个体生产者可以买卖自己的牛奶配额的制度，因为这给生产者带来了更具成本竞争力的市场氛围。但从市场福利的角度来看，利益是相当有限的。结合典型农村社会的特点，探讨了引进该制度的必要条件，并提出了切实可行的建议。

Marketing efficiencies are evaluated and suggestions are made in the aim of improvement marketing efficiencies of main food products and feeds for animals. Results obtained are as Followings.1. Transaction costs for both producers and wholesalers in vegetable marketing are estimated and we found that this cost is one of determinant costs for the efficiency. Larger lot size and standardization of the quality are suggested in order to reduce them.2. Technical and scale efficiencies, in terms of profitability and labor productivity, of vegetable wholesalers are estimated by DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis). Great degree of the variations in efficiencies are found and scale economy is not significant observed. We concluded that quality managements and related handling procedures are main causes for this.3. Processing the material foods to final products at producer owned plants is recommended in order to obtained additional value-add. However, it is emphasized that product differentiation is one of the essential strategic factors for success.4.Introduction of the system where individual producer is able to buy and sell his milk quota is suggested as a way to decrease the cost of production of milk, since the system brings producers more cost competitive market atmosphere. But from the market welfare view, a benefit is rather restricted. Considering the characteristics of typical rural society, required conditions for the introduction of this system are discussed and practical suggestion are made.