Influences of German and French geographical thoughts upon the Japanese geography of pre-war period

在日本、英国、美国等学术地理建立较晚的国家，德、法地理思想都产生了重大影响。本研究项目试图考察日本战前时期的这些影响。特别是，我们选择了德国地理学家弗里德里希·拉策尔作为主要关注对象。我们已经阐明了Ratzel对日本地理学的概念影响是多方面的，有些是间接的。第一位大学人文地理学教授石桥吾郎（goro ISHIBASHI）的讲课内容主要是根据拉策尔的《人类地理学》（anthropogeography）编写的。我们找到了一份他的学生的课堂笔记，很好地说明了他部分接受了Ratzel的地理思想。一般来说，任何外来思想的接受都必然伴随着某种扭曲。在这方面，Ratzel是最典型的例子之一。在长期了解拉采尔的地理思想的过程中，我们可以很容易地找到许多扭曲接受的例子。

In every country where academic geography was established late, such as Japan, England and America, German and French geographical thoughts exerted great influences. This research project has tried to examine these influences during the Japanese pre-war period. In particular, we selected a German geographer, Friedrich Ratzel, as a main concern. We have elucidated that the conceptual influences of Ratzel on Japanese geography were multifaceted and somewhat indirect. The first professor of human geography at the university level, i.e.Goro ISHIBASHI,prepared his lectures mainly on the basis of Ratzel's 'Anthropogeographic'. We have found a lecture notes taken by his student, which shows very well the partial acceptance of Ratzel's geographical ideas. Generally speaking, the acceptance of any foreign ideas goes necessarily with some kind of distortion. In this respect, Ratzel was one of the most typical examples. We can easily find many examples of distorted acceptance in the long period of acquaintance with Ratzel's geographical ideas.