Research Program on Planning Methodology for the Selection and Stepwise Implementation of Sanitation Systems in Developing Countries.

至于选择适当的卫生系统来管理人类排泄物和废水，有一些技术准则，例如世界银行和印度尼西亚公共工程部编写的准则。然而，这些准则所示的适当卫生系统是最后阶段要实现的系统。由于发展中国家的财政状况非常紧张，需要十多年甚至几十年才能达到最终目标是很常见的。因此，不仅要关注最终目标，而且要关注实现这一目标的过程。也就是说，即使在实现最终目标的过程中，也应该实现合理的改善效果，同时中间投资也应该尽可能地与最终目标相适应。考虑到在过去的讨论中很少注意到达到最终目标的过程，本研究强调这一点，并试图发展一种规划方法，这将有助于确定适当的改善方案。在1993财政年度，进行了研究，以调查印度尼西亚的卫生替代方案，日本的规划方法和逐步改善规划方法。开发了一个模拟程序，以量化各种卫生替代方案对环境和人类健康的影响。2在1994和1995财政年度，在上述模拟程序中增加了优化过程。在印度尼西亚还进行了实地调查，以调查地下水污染，以便调查结果可用于模拟方案。

As for the selection of the appropriate sanitation systems for the management of human waste and waste water, there are some technical guidelines such as the ones prepared by the World Bank and the Ministry of Public Works of Indonesia. Appropriate sanitation systems shown by these guidelines are, however, the systems to be achieved in the final stage. It is very common to take more than ten years and even a couple of decades to arriveat the final goal because of the very tightfinancial situation encountered in developing countries. It is therefor every important to pay attention not only to the final goal but also the process to arrive at that goal. In othe words, reasonable improvement effects should be realized even on the way to the final goal while at the same time intermediate investment sholud be done in a manner compatible with the final goal as much as possible. Considering that little attention was paid in the past descussion to the process to arrive at the final goal, this study highlights this point and tries to develop a planning methodology which would facilitate the identification of appropriate improvement scenarios.In the fiscal year 1993, study was carried out to investigate sanitation alternatives in Indonesia, Japanese planning methodology and step-wise improvement planning methodology, In addition, a simulation program was developed to quantify the effects to the environment and the human health according to various sanitation alternatives.In the fiscal year 1994 and 1995, optimization process was added to the above simulation program. Field survey was also implemented in Indonesia to investigate ground water pollution so that the findings from the results of the survey could be used in the simulation program.