Gaze control of sports playrs and the possibility of improvement by training

该项目重点研究了体育运动员和普通人在转动头部扫视视觉目标时在凝视速度和凝视准确度方面的差异。首先，用不同的头部角速度测量了9名受试者的凝视速度，其中4名是经常需要快速准确凝视控制的各种运动项目的运动员，另外5名是普通人。(1)凝视速度随着头部速度的增加而增加，这证实了Guitton和Pelisson的报道。凝视速度对头部速度的依赖归因于在进行凝视扫视时VOR的增益降低。测量了凝视眼跳时的VOR增益。所有9名受试者的VOR增益均有下降，范围为0.4-0.7。VOR增益的下降幅度与头部速度在超过100度/秒的范围内变化的程度大致相同。第二，当受试者在完全黑暗中被动转向时，对视觉目标的注视准确度。受试者被转向右侧或左侧，直到360度。他们被要求盯着最近的地标，每隔30度就会围绕着对象放置一块地标。他们在黑暗中轮流坐在椅子上。受试者在黑暗中看的位置与头部转动的物理角度准确成正比。实验证明，大脑可以通过前庭信号知道头部旋转的物理角度，作为头部旋转的速度传感器。VOR增益通过特殊护目镜和持续的旋转刺激被人为地提高和降低。感知到的头部旋转角度取决于人工操纵的VOR增益。因此，大脑具有将来自半规管的头部速度信号转换为位置信号的积分器，并且积分器输入受到VOR的增益调整。

The project has focused on the differences between sports playrs and ordinary people of gaze velocity and gaze accuracy while he/she is making a saccade to a visual target with a head turning. First, gaze velocity was measured with various angular velocities of the head on 9 subjects, 4 of them are playrs of various sports in which quick and accurate gaze control is frequently required, while other 5 are ordinary people. (1) Gaze velocity proved to increase in accordance with the increase of head velocity, which confirmed Guitton's and Pelisson's reports. Dependency of the gaze velocity on the head velocity was attributed to the gain reduction of VOR during a gaze saccade was performed. VOR gain during a gaze saccade was measured. On all of the 9 subjects, VOR gain reduction was observed, which was ranging 0.4-0.7. VOR gain was observed to decrease to roughly the same extent as the head velocity varied in the range faster than 100 deg/sec.Second, accuracy of gaze to a visual target while the subject was passively turned in total darkness. Subjects were turned to the right or to the left up to 360 deg. They were asked to gaze at the nearest land mark, which was put surrounding the subject on every 30 deg. after they were rotated on the chair in the dark. The positions the subject looked at in the dark was accurately proportional to the physical angle of the head turning. It was proved that the brain can know the physical angle of head rotation through the vestibular signal, which is regarded as a velocity sensor of head rotation. VOR gain was artificially raised and lowered by means of special goggles and sustained rotatory stimulus. The perceived angle of head rotation was dependent on the VOR gain artificially manipulated. Thus, that the brain has an integrator which converts head velocity signal from the semicircular canal to position signal, and that the integrator input is subjected to the gain adjustment of VOR.