National Heritage. The German Law for the Protection of National Cultural Goods between individual and collective interests

国家遗产。

• 批准号: 435286427
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Charlotte Klonk
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Juristische Fakultät
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/435286427?language=en
• 关键词: National; Heritage.; German; Law; Protection

During the discussion of the draft law protecting national cultural goods (KGSG), which was enacted in 2016, art collectors and gallerists protested vehemently against planned export restrictions for such goods. Their criticism was based on the assumption that the right to property means free disposition over one’s own possessions, whereas the law follows a different conception that attributes an ideal value to works of art legitimizing a collective interest even if the object is privately owned. It is this tension between individual and collective interests that gives the law its specific character. However, criteria for the classification of a piece of art as “nationally valuable” and therefore exempt from export have never been clearly formulated. As a consequence, the lists of works classified as “nationally valuable” during the Weimar Republic, the “Third Reich” and the Federal Republic show very different understandings of what constitutes a national treasure worthy of protection by the law. The centerpiece of the project is an analysis of the lists since 1955 – the year when an older regulation from 1919 was transformed into a statute – and an evaluation of the practical implementation of the statute. The goal is to understand the explicit and implicit criteria of the various expert commissions over time and, based on this knowledge, to produce a principled evaluation of the law as an example of public restrictions of private property. The interdisciplinary orientation of the project promises insights and recommendations for the implementation of the law that neither legal nor cultural studies alone would be able to produce.

在2016年颁布的国家文化产品保护法（KGSG）草案的讨论期间，艺术品收藏家和画廊老板强烈抗议计划对此类产品的出口限制。他们的批评是基于这样的假设，即财产权意味着对自己财产的自由处置，而法律遵循的是一种不同的概念，即赋予艺术作品一种理想的价值，使集体利益合法化，即使该对象是私人拥有的。正是这种个人利益和集体利益之间的紧张关系赋予了法律以特殊的性质。 然而，一件艺术品被列为“有国家价值”并因此免于出口的标准从未明确制定。因此，在魏玛共和国、“赖希第三帝国”和联邦共和国时期，被列为“国家有价值”的作品清单显示出对什么是值得法律保护的国宝有着非常不同的理解。 该项目的核心是分析自1955年以来的清单-这一年，1919年的旧法规被转化为法规-并对法规的实际执行进行评估。目的是了解各专家委员会在一段时间内的明确和隐含标准，并根据这一知识，对法律作为公共限制私有财产的例子进行原则性评估。该项目的跨学科方向有望为法律的执行提供见解和建议，这是法律的或文化研究本身无法产生的。