National Heritage. The German Law for the Protection of National Cultural Goods between individual and collective interests

在2016年颁布的国家文化产品保护法（KGSG）草案的讨论中，艺术收藏家和画廊主强烈抗议计划对这些商品的出口限制。他们的批评是基于财产权意味着对自己财产的自由处置这一假设，而法律遵循的是一种不同的概念，即赋予艺术品一种理想的价值，使集体利益合法化，即使物品是私人拥有的。正是这种个人利益与集体利益之间的紧张关系赋予了法律的特殊性。然而，一件艺术品被归类为“具有国家价值”并因此免于出口的标准从未明确制定。因此，魏玛共和国、“第三帝国”和联邦共和国时期被列为“具有国家价值”的作品清单显示了对什么是值得法律保护的国宝的不同理解。该项目的核心是对1955年以来的榜单进行分析，并对该法规的实际执行情况进行评估。1955年，1919年的一项较旧的法规被转变为法规。目标是了解各专家委员会长期以来的明确和隐含的标准，并根据这些知识，对作为公共限制私有财产的例子的法律作出原则性评价。该项目的跨学科方向保证了对法律实施的见解和建议，这是法律或文化研究无法单独产生的。

During the discussion of the draft law protecting national cultural goods (KGSG), which was enacted in 2016, art collectors and gallerists protested vehemently against planned export restrictions for such goods. Their criticism was based on the assumption that the right to property means free disposition over one’s own possessions, whereas the law follows a different conception that attributes an ideal value to works of art legitimizing a collective interest even if the object is privately owned. It is this tension between individual and collective interests that gives the law its specific character. However, criteria for the classification of a piece of art as “nationally valuable” and therefore exempt from export have never been clearly formulated. As a consequence, the lists of works classified as “nationally valuable” during the Weimar Republic, the “Third Reich” and the Federal Republic show very different understandings of what constitutes a national treasure worthy of protection by the law. The centerpiece of the project is an analysis of the lists since 1955 – the year when an older regulation from 1919 was transformed into a statute – and an evaluation of the practical implementation of the statute. The goal is to understand the explicit and implicit criteria of the various expert commissions over time and, based on this knowledge, to produce a principled evaluation of the law as an example of public restrictions of private property. The interdisciplinary orientation of the project promises insights and recommendations for the implementation of the law that neither legal nor cultural studies alone would be able to produce.