Functional morphology of benthic foraminifera

本研究的目的是阐明底栖有孔虫实验的功能形态。研究是按照下列计划进行的。生态观察：调查了日本列岛周围不同海洋环境下底栖有孔虫的微生境。环境是；咸淡水（滨湖），岩石海岸的潮汐带（静冈县的大前崎角和下田湾），珊瑚礁（冲绳的Sesoko岛），以及从大陆架到深海的公海（伊豆群岛，相模湾，骏河湾，熊onada海）。与微环境相关，底栖动物在海底呈斑块状分布。每个斑块采集样品。实验室培养：从实验室培养的各种环境中收集的有孔虫。我们观察了底栖有孔虫的生活方式、运动和摄食习惯。我们还做了一个有孔虫如何以其他生物为食的实验。扫描电镜观察有孔虫实验：观察底栖有孔虫物种的形态特征，明确生态。详细观察孔面周围的雕塑。试验形态的几何模型：我们制作了拟合底栖有孔虫形状的几何模型。我们用该模型模拟了有孔虫的生长。底栖有孔虫的试验形态学具有以下功能意义。(1)试验大纲与底栖有孔虫的生活方式有很强的关系。(2)孔口形态和孔口周围的雕刻都支持假足通过孔口向海水中挤压。它们的功能与底栖有孔虫的运动和摄食习性有关。(3)部分有孔虫具有复杂的内测结构，如管系。这种结构加强了测试，也使电池材料与外界环境保持距离。这些结构是底栖有孔虫躲避捕食者的防御形态。少

The aim of this research is to clarify the functional morphology of benthic foraminiferal tests. Research had been done according to the following plans.1. Ecological observations: We surveyed the microhabitats of benthic foraminifera under various marine environments around Japanese Islands. The environments are; brackish water (Hamana Lake), tidal zone of a rocky shore (Omaezaki Cape and Shimoda Bay, both in the Shizuoka Prefecture), coral reef (Sesoko Island in Okinawa), and open sea from continental shelves through deep sea (Izu Islands, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, Kumanonada Sea). Benthic frominifera are distributed patchily in and on sea floor in relation to the microenvironments. Samples are collected from each patch.2. Laboratory culture: Foraminifera collected from the various environments cultured in laboratory. We observed modes of life, locomotion, and feeding habits of benthic foraminifera. We also made an experiment how henthic foraminifera were fed on the other organisms.3. … More Observation of foraminiferal test by SEM: We observed the morphological characters of benthic foraminiferal species which made clear the ecology. Sculptures around apertural face are observed in detail.4. Geometrical model of test morphology: We made the geometrical model for fitting the shape of benthic foraminifera. We simulated the foraminiferal growth using the model.Test morphology of benthic foraminifera has the follwing functional meanings.(1) Outline of test has strong relationships with modes of life in benthic foraminifera.(2) Both apertural morphology and sculptures around apertural face support the extrusion of pseudopodia through aperture into seawater. They have th function in relation to the locomotion and feeding habits of benthic foraminifera.(3) Some foraminifera have complicated inner test structures like canal system. The structures strengthen the test and also distance cell material from outer environments. These structures are the defensive morphology for benthic foraminifera to escape from predators. Less