Functional morphology of benthic foraminifera

本研究的目的是阐明底栖有孔虫测试的功能形态。根据以下计划进行了研究1。生态观察：我们调查了日本岛屿周围不同海洋环境下底栖有孔虫的微生境。环境是：微咸水(Hamana Lake)、多岩石海岸的潮汐带(静冈县的Omaezaki角和Shimoda Bay)、珊瑚礁(冲绳的Sesoko岛)、从大陆架到深海的开阔海域(伊豆群岛、佐上湾、Suruga湾、熊野田海)。与微环境有关，底栖浮游动物在海底和海底的分布是零星的。从每一块土地上采集样本。实验室培养：从实验室培养的各种环境中采集有孔虫。我们观察了底栖有孔虫的生活方式、运动方式和食性。我们还做了一项实验，研究了底栖有孔虫是如何摄食其他生物的。…扫描电子显微镜下进一步观察有孔虫实验：对底栖有孔虫物种的形态特征进行了观察，明确了生态。详细观察了孔面周围的雕塑。实验形态的几何模型：建立了拟合底栖有孔虫的几何模型。利用该模型模拟了底栖有孔虫的生长过程。底栖有孔虫的测试形态具有如下功能意义：(1)测试轮廓与底栖有孔虫的生活方式有很强的关系。(2)孔口形态和孔面周围的雕塑都支持伪足通过孔口向海水中挤出。它们的作用与底栖有孔虫的运动和摄食习性有关。(3)一些有孔虫具有复杂的内部测试结构，如运河系统。这些结构加强了测试，并使电池材料与外部环境保持距离。这些结构是底栖有孔虫逃避捕食者的防御形态。较少

The aim of this research is to clarify the functional morphology of benthic foraminiferal tests. Research had been done according to the following plans.1. Ecological observations: We surveyed the microhabitats of benthic foraminifera under various marine environments around Japanese Islands. The environments are; brackish water (Hamana Lake), tidal zone of a rocky shore (Omaezaki Cape and Shimoda Bay, both in the Shizuoka Prefecture), coral reef (Sesoko Island in Okinawa), and open sea from continental shelves through deep sea (Izu Islands, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, Kumanonada Sea). Benthic frominifera are distributed patchily in and on sea floor in relation to the microenvironments. Samples are collected from each patch.2. Laboratory culture: Foraminifera collected from the various environments cultured in laboratory. We observed modes of life, locomotion, and feeding habits of benthic foraminifera. We also made an experiment how henthic foraminifera were fed on the other organisms.3. … More Observation of foraminiferal test by SEM: We observed the morphological characters of benthic foraminiferal species which made clear the ecology. Sculptures around apertural face are observed in detail.4. Geometrical model of test morphology: We made the geometrical model for fitting the shape of benthic foraminifera. We simulated the foraminiferal growth using the model.Test morphology of benthic foraminifera has the follwing functional meanings.(1) Outline of test has strong relationships with modes of life in benthic foraminifera.(2) Both apertural morphology and sculptures around apertural face support the extrusion of pseudopodia through aperture into seawater. They have th function in relation to the locomotion and feeding habits of benthic foraminifera.(3) Some foraminifera have complicated inner test structures like canal system. The structures strengthen the test and also distance cell material from outer environments. These structures are the defensive morphology for benthic foraminifera to escape from predators. Less