Functional morphology of benthic foraminifera

本研究的目的是阐明底栖有孔虫测试的功能形态。研究是按照以下计划进行的。生态观测：我们调查了日本岛屿周围各种海洋环境下的底栖有孔虫微生境。环境是;半咸水（滨名湖）、多岩石的海岸的潮汐带（静冈县的御前崎角和下田湾）、珊瑚礁（冲绳的濑子岛）、从大陆架到深海的公海（伊豆群岛、相模湾、骏河湾、熊野田海）。根据微环境的关系，底栖古生物在海底和海底呈斑块状分布。从每个贴片中收集样品。实验室培养：从实验室培养的各种环境中采集有孔虫。我们观察了底栖有孔虫的生活方式、运动和食性。我们还进行了底栖有孔虫对其他生物的摄食实验。 关于我们 有孔虫实验的扫描电镜观察：观察底栖有孔虫种类的形态特征，了解其生态。详细观察了孔面周围的雕刻。试验形态学几何模型：建立了底栖有孔虫形态学几何模型。利用该模型对有孔虫的生长进行了模拟。(1)试验结果与底栖有孔虫的生活方式密切相关。(2)孔的形态和孔面周围的雕塑都支持伪足通过孔进入海水。它们的功能与底栖有孔虫的运动和食性有关。(3)有些有孔虫具有复杂的内部测试结构，如管道系统。这些结构加强了测试，也使电池材料与外部环境保持距离。这些结构是底栖有孔虫逃避捕食者的防御形态。少

The aim of this research is to clarify the functional morphology of benthic foraminiferal tests. Research had been done according to the following plans.1. Ecological observations: We surveyed the microhabitats of benthic foraminifera under various marine environments around Japanese Islands. The environments are; brackish water (Hamana Lake), tidal zone of a rocky shore (Omaezaki Cape and Shimoda Bay, both in the Shizuoka Prefecture), coral reef (Sesoko Island in Okinawa), and open sea from continental shelves through deep sea (Izu Islands, Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, Kumanonada Sea). Benthic frominifera are distributed patchily in and on sea floor in relation to the microenvironments. Samples are collected from each patch.2. Laboratory culture: Foraminifera collected from the various environments cultured in laboratory. We observed modes of life, locomotion, and feeding habits of benthic foraminifera. We also made an experiment how henthic foraminifera were fed on the other organisms.3. … More Observation of foraminiferal test by SEM: We observed the morphological characters of benthic foraminiferal species which made clear the ecology. Sculptures around apertural face are observed in detail.4. Geometrical model of test morphology: We made the geometrical model for fitting the shape of benthic foraminifera. We simulated the foraminiferal growth using the model.Test morphology of benthic foraminifera has the follwing functional meanings.(1) Outline of test has strong relationships with modes of life in benthic foraminifera.(2) Both apertural morphology and sculptures around apertural face support the extrusion of pseudopodia through aperture into seawater. They have th function in relation to the locomotion and feeding habits of benthic foraminifera.(3) Some foraminifera have complicated inner test structures like canal system. The structures strengthen the test and also distance cell material from outer environments. These structures are the defensive morphology for benthic foraminifera to escape from predators. Less