Travel support for two observers to conduct astronomical observations at the LBT during November 2019

A）不演化的星系应该具有低质量，低金属丰度，以及由于许多大质量恒星而产生的强而硬的辐射场。因此，它们应该发射强紫外连续谱和极强的发射线。在高红移下，这些矮星系非常难以研究，所以我们需要好的替代物来更详细地观察所涉及的过程。这种极端发射线星系和极蓝星系即使在低红移时也存在，并且倾向于显示He II发射线，需要一个硬辐射场，可以由非常大的，低金属量的旋转恒星提供。z~7星系中星云CIII]和CIV发射线的发现进一步强调了这种发射线出现所需的硬辐射场的性质问题。由于不仅非常大质量的低金属量恒星，而且大质量X射线双星，吸积超大质量黑洞，甚至冲击波都可能是硬连续谱光子的可能来源，因此定义一组非常本地的代理是必要的，其中空间分辨率和灵敏度允许详细研究气体和单个电离源。另一类有趣的极端发射线星系是绿色豌豆，具有极强[OIII]线的发射线星系。这些星系似乎为莱曼连续辐射的逃逸提供了良好的条件。我们在LBT的3个观测计划中研究了所有3类有希望的高红移（原）星系代理。B）盘星系外流和弥漫电离气体晕的电离过程至今仍是一个谜。虽然与星星形成活动的联系似乎已经建立（但尚未完全理解），但观察到的电离气体的电离机制仍然不清楚：虽然光电离肯定有贡献，但观察到的线比率及其随距离盘的变化需要光子场的变化以及目前未知的额外加热机制的存在。C）斯皮策和赫歇尔揭示了银河系中的一些小气泡。在几个例子中，我们有可能获得视在中心的恒星的光谱，令人惊讶的是，这些恒星往往是演化的大质量恒星（沃尔夫-拉叶星，蓝变星的候选者，OB超巨星）。我们用LUCI近红外光谱对气泡和它们的中心恒星进行了定位，对气泡的高吸收部分进行了分类，并以一种更公正的方式研究了它们的演化状态和它们的中心恒星。

A) Unevolved galaxies should have low-masses, low-metallicities, and a strong, hard radiation fields due to many massive stars. Therefore, they should emit strong UV continuum and extremely strong emission lines. At high redshifts these dwarfish galaxies are extremely hard to study, so we need good proxies for a more detailed looks at the involved processes. Such extreme emission line galaxies and extremely blue galaxies exist even at low redhift and are prone to show lines He II emission, requiring a hard radiation fields as could be provided by very massive, low metallicity, rotating stars. The discovery of nebular CIII] and CIV emission lines in z~7 galaxies further emphasized the question for the nature of the hard radiation field needed for this emission lines to occur. Since not only very massive, low metallicity stars, but also massive X-ray binaries, accreting supermassive black hole, and even shocks may be possible sources of the hard continuum photons, the definition of a set of very local proxies is imperative, where spatial resolution and sensitivity allow a detailed study of the gas and individual ionization sources. Another intriguing class of extreme emission line galaxies are green peas, emission line galaxies with extremely strong [OIII] lines. These galaxies appear to provide good conditions for the escape of Lyman continuum radiation. We study all 3 classes of promising proxies for high redshift (proto-)galaxies in 3 observing programs at the LBT. B) The ionization process of outflows and diffuse ionized gas halos in disk galaxies is still a puzzle. While a connection to star formation activity seems to be well established (but not fully understood), the ionization mechanism of the observed ionized gas is still unclear: while photo-ionization certainly contributes, the observed line ratios and their change with distance from the disk require changes in the photon field and the presence of an additional currently unknown heating mechanism. C) Spitzer and also HERSCHEL revealed a number of small bubbles in the Milky Way. In a couple of cases, it was possible to take optical spectra of the apparent central stars, which surprisingly often turned out to be evolved massive stars (Wolf-Rayet stars, candidates for Luminous Blue Variables, and OB supergiants). We target the bubbles and their central stars with LUCI NIR spectroscopy to classify the highly absorbed part of the bubbles and investigate their evolutionary state and their central stars in a more unbiased way.