Ernst Mach and the idea of "Physical Phenomenology"

恩斯特·马赫的“物理现象学”是一个从物理系统中消除所有形而上学范畴（物质、因果关系、绝对运动等），并按照思想经济性，通过纯粹描述元素复合体来研究物理定律的计划。这一观点得到了他对主导十九世纪科学研究的机械世界观的激进批评的支持。马赫对牛顿力学的概念重新审视为爱因斯坦的相对论让路，同时刺激了“逻辑实证主义”运动，最终发展为分析哲学。另一方面，马赫的“现象学”思想影响了胡塞尔的哲学思想，促成了“先验现象学”的形成。马赫和胡塞尔都怀着同样的方法论态度，全心全意地将现象描述为基本数据。但马赫的“物理现象学”只不过是基于自然态度的“世俗现象学”。此时，胡塞尔批判了马赫的“生物相对主义”立场，并通过引入“现象学还原”的程序，建立了他的先验现象学。在这种情况下，马赫的“物理现象学”一方面通过“语言学转向”转化为分析哲学，又通过“现象学转向”转化为先验现象学。另一方面是“先验转向”。因此，马赫的哲学成就应该被重新评价为20世纪哲学的一个起源。

Ernst Mach's "Physical Phenomenology" is a project which eliminates all the metaphysical categories (substance, causality, absolute motion and so on) from a system of physics, and investigates physical laws by means of purely describing complexes of elements in accordance with the economy of thought. This idea is supported by his radical criticism of the mechanistic world-view which dominated scientific reseaches in the nineteenth century. Mach's conceptual reexamination of Newtonian mechanics made way for Einstein's relativity theory, and at the same time stimulated the movement of "Logical Positivism" which finally developped into Analytic Philosophy.On the other hand, Mach's idea of "Phenomenology" influenced on Husserl's philosophical thought and contributed the formation of "Transcendental Phenomenology." Both Mach and Husserl have the same methodological attitude to put their heart into describing the phenomena as fundamental data. But Mach's "Physical Phenomenology" is no more than the "mundane phenomenology" which is based on natural attitudes. At this poit, Husserl criticized Mach's position as "biological relativism" and built up his transcendental phenomenology by introducing the very procedure of "Phenpmenological Reduction".In these circumstances, Mach's "Physical Phenomenology" was transformed into Analytic Philosophy by way of the "Linguistic Turn" on the one hand, and metamorphosed into Transcendental Phenomenology by passing through the "Transcendental Turn" on the other. Therefore Mach's philosophical achievement should be reevaluated as an origin of the twentieth century philosophy.