Hetero-Integration of Perovskite Lasers into Silicon Photonics (HIPER-LASE)

集成光子电路可以引发一场类似于20世纪70年代初S时代的集成微芯片的革命。这种范式的改变需要一种可扩展和低成本的生产技术。硅和氮化硅光子学平台是这项任务的极佳候选者，但缺乏廉价和兼容的集成(激光)光源是硅基光子学广泛成功的主要障碍。溶液处理金属卤化物钙钛矿与材料平台兼容，并已被证明在太阳能电池和LED中取得了成功。最近，应用人员展示了第一个集成的光泵浦钙钛矿型激光器，通过大规模生产可以自上而下地制作图案。因此，集成光子学的长期愿景是集成到氮化硅光子学上的电驱动钙钛矿激光器。因此，HIPER-LASE项目旨在研究和确定金属卤化物钙钛矿作为电泵浦增益材料的机会和可能的局限性。为此，研究必须着眼于广泛探索的材料和器件性能的研究，这些材料和器件与钙钛矿型太阳能电池有本质上的不同。从那时起，我们的目标是通过关注高电子注入载流子密度和高光子密度的机制来填补这一知识空白，这些密度比AM1.5太阳辐射下的高出一个数量级。我们将量化在这些条件下盛行并可能阻碍注入激光的潜在损耗机制。这项工作将集中在最有前途的钙钛矿，如CsPbBr3和MAPbX3(X=I，Br3)。沉积层的微观结构将通过平面热压(PHP)得到改善，这是一种由其中一位申请者首创的创新再结晶工艺。这将使我们能够实现高质量的微谐振器，这是低激光阈值所需的。通过提供高达60 nm的横向分辨率的纳米光谱来研究钙钛矿薄膜的形貌和电学性能，以指导材料和工艺的优化。将开发能够注入高电流密度的无机电界面，并使用频率和温度相关的电测量对其进行表征。最后，将结合电抽运激光的关键元件来研究在卤化物钙钛矿中进行电操作激光是否可能。

Integrated photonic circuits can trigger a revolution similar to the integrated microchip at the beginning of the 1970’s. A requirement for such a paradigm change is a scalable and cost-effective production technology. Silicon and silicon nitride based photonic platforms are excellent candidates for this task, but the lack of a cheap and compatible integrated (laser) light source is a major obstacle for widespread success of silicon-based photonics. Solution processed metalhalide perovskites are compatible with that material platform and have proven successful in solar cells and LEDs. Recently the applicantsdemonstrated the first integrated optically pumped perovskite laser fabricated via mass production capable top-down patterning. A longterm vision of integrated photonics is therefore an electrically driven perovskite laser integrated onto silicon nitride photonics. As such, the project HIPER-LASE aims to research and pinpoint opportunities andpossible limitations of metal-halide perovskites as an electrically pumped gain material. To this end, research must be geared towards the study of widely unexplored material and device properties, that are substantially different form that of perovskite solar cells. Wehenceforth aim to fill this knowledge gap by focusing on the regime of high electrically injected charge carrier densities and high photon densities, which are orders of magnitude above those under AM1.5 solar irradiation. We will quantify the potential loss mechanisms that prevail under these conditions and might hamper injection lasing. Thework will focus on the most promising perovskites, such as CsPbBr3 and MAPbX3 (X = I, Br). The microstructure of as-deposited layers will be improved via planar hot pressing (PHP), an innovative recrystallization process pioneered by one of the applicants. This will allow us to realize high-quality micro-resonators, that are required for low lasing thresholds. The morphology and electrical properties of the perovskite films will be studied with nanoscopic spectroscopy providing up to 60 nm lateral resolution to guide the material and process optimization. Inorganic electrical interfaces which enable theinjection of high current densities will be developed and characterized using frequency and temperature dependent electrical measurements. Finally, the key elements for an electrically pumped laser will be combined to study if electrically operated lasing in halide perovskites is possible.