Development of Bathing Culture in Pompeii: Stabian Baths

罗马帝国时期洗浴文化的特点早已在学术界得到研究。然而，共和国晚期的前身很少受到关注，尽管在地中海西部发现了20多个这一时期的浴场。在当前关于罗马在西地中海扩张的辩论中，以及城市化、文化交流、知识转移和罗马世界一体化等主题中，浴场并没有发挥重要作用。唯一的例外是庞贝的斯塔比安浴场，建筑师汉斯·埃斯切巴赫在1979年出版的一本书中讨论了这一点。对于这个建筑群，他重建了一个有影响力的文化历史发展模型：在庞贝古城的古城墙上，公元前5世纪建造了一个带浴室的希腊体育场，并在五个阶段中改造成罗马式的浴室，直到帝国早期。虽然学者们一再批评这种模式，但他们并没有进行任何新的研究。2015年至2018年由EXC Topoi资助的一个项目旨在填补这一研究空白。在庞贝共和国浴场的四次战役和在斯塔比亚浴场的三次战役为修改城市历史和古代洗浴文化取得了重大成果。这两个浴场都建于公元前世纪后半叶，作为罗马式浴场，在大部分未建成的地形上。共和浴场在公元前30/20年被废弃，而斯塔比亚浴场在公元79年维苏威火山爆发前进行了三次现代化改造。这里要求提供资金，用于在Stabian Baths进行第四次也是最后一次挖掘活动，以及评估和及时出版这座建筑。该活动将澄清有关技术（供暖系统，水管理）和浴室与相邻房屋之间关系的重要公开问题。评估将整合Stabian的基础研究（和共和党）浴室与更大的问题，并检查以下方面：在城市景观的浴室的意义和看法;浴室的社会和政治发展的重要性和对庞贝的文化影响;充分调查考古证据与研究有关洗浴的心理和文化历史相结合;以及巴斯对于当前关于罗马扩张及其在共和国中后期后果的理论论述的意义。整体方法的建议项目的目的是提供可靠的数据，长期被忽视的调查，在晚共和国和早期帝国洗浴文化的变化，并在卓有成效地采用理论模型进行解释。

The characteristics of bathing culture in the Roman imperial period have long been examined in scholarship. However, the predecessors of the late Republican period have received little attention, even though over 20 baths of this period have been discovered in the western Mediterranean. Baths do not play a significant role in current debates about the expansion of Rome in the western Mediterranean, and topics such as urbanization, cultural exchange, transfer of knowledge and integration in the Roman world. The only exception are the Stabian Baths in Pompeii, which the architect Hans Eschebach discussed in a book, published in 1979. For this complex, he reconstructed an influential model of cultural-historical development: on the terrain of Pompeii’s Archaic Altstadt wall, a Greek palaestra with baths would have been built in the 5th century BC and transformed, in five phases, into Roman-type baths until the early Imperial period. While scholars repeatedly criticized this model, they did not carry out any new research. A project that was funded by the EXC Topoi from 2015 to 2018 aimed at filling this gap in research. Four campaigns in the Republican Baths of Pompeii and three campaigns in the Stabian Baths yielded significant results for revising the history of the city and of ancient bathing culture. Both baths were built in the second half of the 2nd century BC as Roman-type baths, on largely unbuilt terrain. The Republican Baths were abandoned in 30/20 BC, whereas the Stabian Baths were modernized three times before the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79. Funding is requested here for the fourth and last excavation campaign in the Stabian Baths and for evaluating and promptly publishing this building. The campaign will clarify important open questions regarding the technology (heating system, water management) and the relationship between the baths and an adjacent house. The evaluation will integrate the basic research in the Stabian (and Republican) Baths with larger questions and examine the following aspects: the significance and perception of the baths in the urban landscape; the importance of the baths for the societal and political development of and the cultural influence on Pompeii; the combination of thoroughly investigated archaeological evidence with research on the history of mentality and culture regarding bathing; and the significance of baths for current theoretical discourses on the expansion of Rome and its consequences in the mid- and late Republican period. The holistic approach of the proposed project aims at providing reliable data for the long neglected investigation of changes in late Republican and early Imperial bathing culture; and at fruitfully employing theoretical models for interpretation.