A Study of Neo-grammarians' theory of karaka

1.根据新语法学，动词词根的含义被定义为有利于产生结果（phalanukulavyapara）的活动，其中kartr（主体）被认为是活动的场所（phalasraya），而kartr（对象）被认为是其结果的场所。动词词根的意义有两个方面的观点：活动及其结果可以适当地追溯到Patanjali的Mahabhasya。2.Bhattoji Diksita建立了这样的理论：名义词尾的意义是：一个轨迹（asraya），一个起点（avadhi），一个目标（uddesya）和关系（sambandha），最终使意义karakavibhakti-s out 是一种完成某项行动的能力（sakti，samarthya）。 3.Bhartrhari 阐述的 karaka 理论中，根据该理论，带来行动完成的 karaka 是一种将行动带出来的能力，构成与语言相对应的世界的实体被视为多种能力的复合体。与要实现的不同动作相关，参与其中的单个实体可以在某一时刻是代理，在另一时刻是对象。卡拉卡的概念作为一种能力，使人们能够通过引入说话者的意图（vivaksa）来解释关于单个实体的各种口头表达。卡蒂亚纳已经公正地认识到说话者的意图在言语表达中发挥着重要作用，成为后来卡拉卡理论发展的基本因素之一。关于巴特拉利如何看待能力的本体论地位的问题，还有很多工作要做。

1.According to Neo-grammarians, the meaning of a verbal root is defined as activity conducive to the production of a result (phalanukulavyapara) , whereby a kartr (agent) is considered to be a locus of activity (phalasraya) and a kartr (object) a locus of its result. The idea that a meaning of a verbal root has two aspects : activity and its result may properly be traced back to Patanjali's Mahabhasya.2.Bhattoji Diksita established the theory that meanings of nominal endings are : a locus (asraya) , a starting point (avadhi) , an objective to be aimed at (uddesya) , and relation (sambandha) , finally making meanings of karakavibhakti-s out to be a capacity (sakti, samarthya) for accomplishing an action.3.In the theory of karaka elaborated by Bhartrhari, according to which a karaka which brings an action to accomplishment is a capacity to bring it out, an entity which constitutes the corresponding world to language is viewed as a complex of multiple capacities. In correlation to different actions to be realized, a single entity participating in them can be an agent at one time and an object at another. The notion of a karaka as a capacity enables one to explain various verbal expressions with reference to a single entity by introducing a speaker's intention (vivaksa). The speaker's intention which Katyayana has already justly recognized plays an important role in verbal expression becomes one of the fundamental factors in later development of the karaka-theory.Much still remains to be done concerning the question of how the ontological status of a capacity is thought of by Bhartrhari.