Research in Bhartrhari's Philosophy of Language : A semantic analysis of the phenomenal world and the theory of power-abstraction

本研究的目的是考察Bhartrhari语言哲学中的权力问题。结论：1.语法学家采用了从同时存在(Anvaya)和不存在(Vyatireka)进行推理的过程，以发现语言项之间的因果关系和对其意义的理解，从而抽象出实际上是一个独立的语言单位的成分成分。Bhartrhari的权力理论正是从这样的分析过程中衍生出来的。事实上，同一种物质可以导致各种行为的完成，并导致人们对它有不同的表述，这一事实使Bhartrhari认为，单一物质具有几种权力，其不同的行为模式和言语应归因于这些权力。这一观点与这一论题相联系：单个实体凭借其力量表现为不同的事物，这不仅可以合理地解释帕尼尼语法的背景，也可以解释巴尔特哈里哲学的形而上学方面。力量在于帮助一种物质产生某种效果。这种力量与日常言语中被视为实体的东西是不同的，但由于其不真实的地位，它与作为终极现实的实体没有区别。就像实际使用一样，最终的现实是，由于其力量的不同，人们对其进行了不同的看待、概念化和进一步的解释。从对实际用法的观察中归纳出来的巴特哈里语言哲学的核心在于他的权力论，根据他的权力论，终极现实被认为是几种权力的持有者，从而成为现象世界各种言说方式的原始来源。

The aim of this research is to consider problems of powers in Bhartrhari's philosophy of language.In conclusion :1. For abstracting component elements assumed to occur in what is actually an impartite linguistic unit, grammarians adopts the procedure of reasoning from concurrent presence (anvaya) and absence (vyatireka), which serves to discover a causal relationship between linguistic items and the understanding of their meanings. It is precisely from such an analytic procedure that Bhartrhari's theory of powers is derived.2. The fact that one and the same substance can be involved in bringing varieties of actions to accomplishment and causes one to have different verbalizations with reference to it led Bhartrhari to hold the view that a single substance has as its properties several powers to which its different modes of behavior and verbalizations are to be ascribed. This view links itself with the thesis : A single entity appears as distinct things by virtue of its powers, which may reasonably account for not only the background of Panini's grammar but also the metaphysical aspect of Bhartrhari's philosophy.3. A power consists in helping a substance to produce an effect. Such a power is differentiated from what is treated as a substance in everyday speech, while, because of its unreal status, it is not differentiated from the Substance as the ultimate reality. Just like actual usage, the ultimate reality is, due to its powers, differently seen, conceptualized, and further explained.4. The core of Bhartrhari's philosophy of language which was induced from the observation of actual usage lies thus in his theory of powers according to which the ultimate reality is regarded as a holder of several powers and hence as the original source of various modes of verbalization for the phenomenal world.