Juvenile delinquency in urban school and residential contexts

社会背景在解释青少年犯罪中占有突出的地位。犯罪学研究为住宅和学校环境的相关性提供了大量证据。然而，大多数研究集中在一种类型的社会背景孤立，很少在理论指导的方式来检查人的社会背景的影响特别强烈，那么，或根本没有。缺乏对多种背景的影响及其受个别属性制约的研究，主要是由于缺乏适当的数据来源。该项目有助于缩小这些研究差距，并试图更深入地了解居住和学校环境对少年犯罪的影响，该项目基于对不同数据来源的综合和分析，这些数据来源结合在一起，可以产生新的见解。在项目的第一部分，我们将分析“彼得伯勒青少年和年轻人发展研究”（PADS+）的数据，其中包括在社区，学校和家庭层面的集体效能的统一措施，从而使他们的影响进行同步分析。我们将与剑桥大学犯罪学研究所的Per-Olof Wikström教授和他的团队一起参与项目的这一部分。在第二部分中，我们将把“青少年中的友谊和暴力”研究的数据与空间警察记录数据联系起来，以衡量住宅和学校环境中的犯罪发生率。为此，我们将与北莱茵-威斯特伐利亚州刑事警察局的犯罪/犯罪学研究单位合作，该项目旨在对住宅和学校环境的相对重要性、可能的放大或补偿效应以及它们对不同属性的个人的不同重要性提出新的见解。实证分析将遵循Wikström的情景行动理论，并研究社会背景的犯罪成因特征。具体来说，我们将研究住宅和学校环境如何影响青少年犯罪，由于不同的犯罪率，社会规范，以及社会控制和信任的程度-以及这些影响如何取决于青少年的道德信仰，自我控制，他们的社会空间嵌入在同龄人群体。

Social contexts occupy a prominent role in the explanation of juvenile delinquency. Criminological research has produced a great deal of evidence for the relevance of residential and school contexts. However, most studies focus on one type of social context in isolation and rarely examine in a theory-guided manner which persons are affected by social contexts particularly strongly, less so, or not at all. The lack of studies on the impact of multiple contexts and its conditioning by individual attributes is primarily due to the paucity of suitable data sources. This project contributes to narrowing these research gaps and attempts to arrive at a deeper understanding of the impact of residential and school contexts on juvenile delinquency.The project is based on the combination and analysis of different data sources that, taken together, allow for new insights. In the first part of the project, we will analyse data of the "Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study" (PADS+), that includes unified measures of collective efficacy at the neighborhood, school, and family level, thereby enabling a simultaneous analysis of their influences. We will join forces with Professor Per-Olof Wikström and his team at the Institute of Criminology at Cambridge University in this part of the project. In a second part, we will link data from the study "Friendship and Violence in Adolescence" with spatial police record data to measure the incidences of crime in residential and school contexts. To do this, we will cooperate with the Criminal-/Criminological Research Unit of the Criminal Police Office of North Rhine-Westphalia.The project aims at new insights on the relative importance of residential and school contexts, possible amplifying or compensating effects, and their differential importance for individuals with varying attributes. The empirical analyses will be guided by Wikström’s Situational Action Theory and work on the criminogenic characteristics of social contexts. Specifically, we will examine how residential and school contexts affect juvenile delinquency due to varying crime rates, social norms, and the extent of social control and trust – and how such influences depend on adolescents’ moral beliefs, self-control, and their socio-spatial embededdness in peer groups.