Friendship and Violence in Adolescence

该项目的目的是更深入地了解青年暴力行为背后的机制以及其中的种族间差异。重点是暴力合法化规范的影响和传播。我们使用行为的综合理论来分析这些规范导致暴力的条件，以及它们如何与机会、激励、顺从规范和自我控制相互作用。通过收集青少年之间多重社会关系的社会网络数据，我们还揭示了同龄人群体对青少年暴力的作用。这两个科学问题也具有实际意义，因为回答这两个问题将有助于我们理解是否以及如何阻止暴力犯罪者，以及如何防止青春期暴力合法化规范的出现、巩固和社会扩散。为了收集必要的面板数据，2013年秋季在Gelsenkirchen， Recklinghausen, Marl， Gladbeck和Herten等城市开始了一项针对七年级学生的前瞻性纵向研究。第二波数据收集正在进行中。目标样本包括除特殊需要学校和有资格进入大学（体育馆）的学校的学生外的所有类型中学的七年级学生。在这五个相邻的城市中对所有这些类型的学校进行抽样的主要原因是考虑到样本量和构成（暴力罪犯，移民背景）以及收集所有七年级学生的完整学校网络的目标。在学校层面，实现了86.7%的非常好的回复率（45所学校中的39所）。共有123个班级的2635名学生接受了采访。其中土耳其裔学生的目标是达到746人，而不是650人。因此，第一波为后续数据收集浪潮奠定了良好的基础。我们申请另外两波的资助，这将使我们能够在该领域领先的国家和国际小组研究的水平上以全面和严谨的方式回答我们的研究问题。在初步成功的情况下，在最初的资金申请中已经预见到小组将继续工作。在四年的时间里，人与人之间（例如，个人道德规范）和人际网络（例如，关于友谊或地位）的更大变化将允许对我们的主要研究问题进行更有力的纵向分析。在青少年的社会化和同伴之间的选择过程以及暴力的开始和停止方面尤其如此。此外，通过收集第三波和第四波，我们将能够阐明在青少年暴力中不存在或出现种族间差异，并将我们的重点扩展到更严重的暴力犯罪形式。

The project aims at a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that underlie youth violence as well as inter-ethnic differences therein. The main focus is on the impact and dissemination of violence-legitimizing norms. We use integrative theories of action to analyze the conditions under which such norms lead to violence and how they interact with opportunities, incentives, conforming norms and self-control. By collecting social network data on the multiplex social ties between adolescents, we also shed light on the role of the peer group for youth violence. Both scientific questions are also of practical importance, as answering them will help us to understand whether and how violent offenders can be deterred and how to prevent the emergence, consolidation and social diffusion of violence-legitimizing norms in adolescence.In order to collect the necessary panel data, a prospective longitudinal study of seventh-graders was started in the cities of Gelsenkirchen, Recklinghausen, Marl, Gladbeck, and Herten in fall 2013. The second wave of data collection is under way. The target sample was comprised of all students in seventh grade in all types of secondary schools apart from special-needs schools and the schools qualifying students for admission to University (Gymnasium). The main reasons for sampling all schools of these types in these five adjacent cities were considerations of sample size and composition (violent offenders, migration background) as well as the goal to collect complete school networks of all seventh-graders.At the school level, a very good response rate of 86,7 percent was realized (39 out of 45 schools). A total of 2,635 students were interviewed in 123 school classes. Among them are more students of Turkish origin that aimed for (746 instead of 650). The first wave therefore laid an excellent foundation for additional waves of data collection.We apply for funding of two further waves that would allow us to answer our research questions in a comprehensive and causally rigorous way at the level of leading national and international panel studies in the field. Continuing the panel in the case of initial success was already foreseen in the original application for funding. The greater variation within persons (e.g., in personal moral norms) and in the networks (e.g., with respect to friendships or status) over a period of four years would allow much more powerful longitudinal analyses on our main research questions. This is true in particular with regard to the processes of socialization and selection among peers and the onset and desistance from violence in adolescence. Moreover, by collecting a third and fourth wave, we would be able to shed light on the non-existence or emergence of inter-ethnic differences in youth violence and extend our focus to more serious forms of violent offending.