Sociological Studies on Citizens' Consciousness and Activities in Globalizing Societies : an international comparison of Japan, Asia, USA and Europe

本研究试图将全球化的主要现象作为全球社会的形成来把握，取得了六个主要成果。（1）美苏冷战结束后，地区和种族冲突和战争不断增加，其中一些伴随着针对先进超级大国的恐怖主义，而超级大国之间发生战争的可能性似乎几乎完全消失。(2)In背景不仅发达国家和发展中国家之间的差距越来越大，而且双方国家内部结构的差距也越来越大。（3）由于这些条件，环境问题被遗留下来，甚至恶化。(4)On另一方面，发达国家的低出生率老龄化问题与发展中国家的人口爆炸问题交织在一起，使一些全球人口失衡问题变得非常严重。（5）联合国改革没有成功，大国首脑会议或世贸组织会议等没有成功， 关于我们 面对全球范围内越来越活跃的公民抗议活动，国际和全球社会的组织和重组已迫在眉睫。(6)On另一方面，非政府组织等全球公民的活动还远远不足以达到领导全球公民社会形成的必要水平，本研究在“帝国”等讨论的基础上创造了一个新的理论。这为我们建立一种新的综合性理论开辟了道路，我们可以用这种理论来分析“帝国”式的世界统治体系，解释当代世界的公民化、决定化和再公民化。我们应该说，我们的全球社会现在正在走向完全民主化，成为一个全球公民社会，自从“帝国”式的世界统治体系被先进的超级大国利用这种完全民主化的进程所构建以来，觉醒的公民一直在努力使非公民化的社会公民化，并使决定化的社会重新公民化。公民化意味着使人们成为社会中的公民，使他们成为社会的主权者，并使这个社会成为整个人类历史上这个词正确意义上的公民社会。少

Trying to grasp major phenomena of globalization as formation of a global society, this study has yielded six major results. (1)After the end of the Cold War between USA and USSR regional and ethnic conflicts and wars have been increasing some of which accompanied by terrorism against the Advanced Superpowers while possibilities of wars between Superpowers seem to have almost entirely disappeared. (2)In the backgrounds there have been growing disparities not only between advanced and developing but in the internal structures of both sides of nations. (3)Because of these conditions environmental problems have been left behind to be even deteriorated. (4)On the other hand low-birth-rate aging problems of advanced nations have been intermingled with population explosion of developing ones so that some global population imbalance has been becoming drastically serious. (5)The UN reform has not been successfully done while the summit of major countries or meetings of WTO and others have been … More facing more and more activating citizens' protests in the global scale although organization and reorganization of the international and global society has been deadly needed. (6)On the other side NGOs' and other activities of global citizens are far from enough to reach some necessary level to take leadership in forming a global civil society.This study has created a new theory based on discussions about ‘Empire' and others. And this has opened a road to build a new comprehensive theory with which we can analyze the "Empire"-like world ruling system and explain citizenization, decitizenaization and recitizenization of societies in our contemporary world. We should say that our global society is now on the way to be totally democratized to become a global civil society and that since the ‘Empire'-like world ruling system has been framed up by advanced Superpowers utilizing this totally democratizing processes awakened citizens have been trying hard to citizenize uncitizenized societies and recitizenize decitizenized societies. To citizenize means to make people citizens in a society so that they be its sovereigns and to make this society a civil society in the correct sense of this word in the whole human history. Less