Generation of polypeptide and polynucleotide in the upper crust of the early Earth

早期地球上地壳中多肽和多核苷酸的产生

• 批准号: 15204047
• 负责人: KAKEGAWA Takeshi
• 金额: $ 26.04万
• 依托单位: Tohoku University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A)
• 财政年份: 2003
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2003 至 2005
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15204047/
• 关键词: early Earth; amino acid; peptide; in crust; meteorite impact; pressure effect; sulfide minerals; 圧力; 効果; 粘土鉱物; 脱水重合; ペプチド結合; アンモニア生成; グラファイト; 生命起源; 化学進化; HPLC

The main purpose of this study is to synthesize and polymerize amino acids and nucleotide experimentally simulating the early Earth conditions. In particular, roles of meteorite impact for the amino acid generation are emphasized in this study in addition to roles of high pressure and temperature conditions for polymerization of amino acids. Various experimental apparatus were used in this study including shock-induced instruments and high pressure autoclaves. Analyses were essentially made by HPLC purchased through this project. Generation of ammonia, which are nitrogen sources for the amino acids was experimentally confirmed first time. Vaporization of most meteorite materials were also confirmed suggesting that the post impact plume, which may have been reaction center for the amino acid synthesis, has been easily produced. Polymerization of amino acids is also confirmed to proceed under high P and T conditions up to 9-peptide, which is the world record for the synthesis from single amino acids. It is also found that the importance of sulfide minerals for the polymerization of amino acids. Thermal stability and role of phosphate minerals for nucleotide is also confirmed in this study. These results lead to propose new chemical evolution model for the origin of life. Through this study, two text books were published contributing public outreach.

本研究的主要目的是模拟早期地球条件下氨基酸和核苷酸的合成和聚合。特别强调了陨石撞击对氨基酸生成的作用，以及高压和高温条件对氨基酸聚合的作用。在本研究中使用了各种实验设备，包括冲击诱发仪器和高压高压灭菌器。分析基本上是通过该项目购买的HPLC进行的。实验首次证实了氨的生成，氨是氨基酸的氮源。大部分陨石物质的蒸发也得到了证实，这表明撞击后的羽流很容易产生，这可能是氨基酸合成的反应中心。在高P和高T条件下，氨基酸的聚合也被证实可以进行到9个肽，这是单氨基酸合成的世界纪录。还发现了硫化矿物对氨基酸聚合的重要性。研究还证实了磷酸矿物对核苷酸的热稳定性和作用。这些结果为生命起源提出了新的化学演化模型。通过这项研究，出版了两本教科书，为公众宣传做出了贡献。

项目成果

Heavy metal enrichment in Archean carbon-rich samples: Hint to early carbon-metal compounds for enzyme formation?

太古宙富碳样品中的重金属富集：提示早期碳金属化合物用于酶的形成？

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Geochem.Cosmochim.Acta. 68
• 作者: Aluwihare;S.;Watanabe;K.;Kakegawa T.
• 通讯作者: Kakegawa T.

Mori K., Kim H., Kakegawa T., Hanada S.: "A novel lineage of sulfate-reducing microorganisms : Thermodesulfobiaceae fam.nov., Thermodesulfobium narugense, gen.nov., sp.nov., a new thermophilic isolate from a hot spring"Extremophiles 7. 283-290 (2003)

Mori K.、Kim H.、Kakekawa T.、Hanada S.：“硫酸盐还原微生物的新谱系：Thermodesulfobiaceae fam.nov.、Thermodesulfobium narugense、gen.nov.、sp.nov.，一种新的嗜热分离物

Sulfur and carbon isotope analyses of 2.7 Ga stromatolitic sandstones in the Tumbiana Formation, Fortescue Group, Western Australia.

西澳大利亚 Fortescue 群 Tumbiana 组 2.7 Ga 叠层石砂岩的硫和碳同位素分析。

• 发表时间: 2006
• 期刊: Precambrian Research (in press)
• 作者: Miyazaki;K.;Kakegawa T.
• 通讯作者: Kakegawa T.

遠藤 一佳, 南澤 究, 掛川 武, 犬伏 和之: "微生物学と地球化学のわかちがたい関係"科学. vol.7No.2(別刷). 166-169 (2004)

Kazuyoshi Endo、Takashi Minamizawa、Takeshi Kakekawa、Kazuyuki Inubushi：“微生物学与地球化学之间不可分割的关系”《科学》第 7 卷第 166-169 卷（重印）。

Geochemistry of nitrogen in volcanic rocks altered by submarine hydrothermal activities at the Suiyo, Izu-ogasawara arc, Japan.

日本伊豆小笠原岛弧海底热液活动改变的火山岩中氮的地球化学。

• 发表时间: 2004
• 期刊: Water Dynamics Proceeding 1
• 作者: H.Yokoyama他;Noda M.
• 通讯作者: Noda M.