Revisiting and Redrawing the Eastern Mediterranean : Ethnic and Sectarian Conflicts and Human Mobility

东地中海地区有着悠久的区域间交流历史，在海上和陆地上都有复杂的流动系统。该地区发展了高度多元化和复杂的社会，向希望移民到这片最古老文明的土地并在那里定居的外来者开放。东地中海人民保持了高度的人类流动性(地理和社会流动性的融合)。另一方面，在整个近代时期，他们经历了巴勒斯坦问题、黎巴嫩和前南斯拉夫内战、塞浦路斯分裂等各种种族和宗派冲突。为了扬弃这两个相互矛盾的现像，我们引入了一个关键的概念--“保护”。阿拉伯贝都因人有按照合同保护进入其领土的人的悠久传统。这种植根于伊斯兰之前的习俗，即与其他国家建立安全关系，被东地中海的伊斯兰国家采纳。奥斯曼帝国与欧洲国家建立了单边关系，欧洲国家恳求苏丹投降。奥斯曼苏丹以伊斯兰法律为基础，保证了领土上所有人的安全，受雇于欧洲外交官的奥斯曼帝国臣民也不例外。该地区民族/族裔/宗派冲突开始的转折点是，欧洲列强通过歪曲投降条款，成功地篡夺了奥斯曼帝国非穆斯林的保护权。这一趋势一直持续到21世纪；法国仍然声称与黎巴嫩天主教人口有特殊关系。今天的巴勒斯坦人没有“保护者”--国际法不适用于他们--这一事实要求迫切需要建立一种新的保护制度，该制度必须建立在尊重公民权利和可持续发展的基础上，以防止政治暴力。“人的安全”可能有一定程度的潜力。

The Eastern Mediterranean has enjoyed a long history of inter-regional exchange, having sophisticated systems of movement both on sea and land. The area has developed highly plural and complex societies open to outsiders who wished to migrate to and settle at the land of the oldest civilization. The Eastern Mediterranean people have kept high human mobility (integration of geographical and social mobility). On the other hand, throughout the modern periods, they have experienced various ethnic and sectarian conflicts, such as the Palestine Question, civil wars of Lebanon and former Yugoslavia, division of Cyprus, etc. For the sublation of the two contradicting phenomena, we introduced a key notion of "protection." The Arab Bedouins have a long tradition to protect persons coming into their territories in accordance with contracts. This pre-Islamic-rooted customs of building security with the Other were adopted by Islamic states in the Eastern Mediterranean. The Ottoman Empire established unilateral relationship with European countries which implored to be given the Capitulations from the Sultans. Basing on the Islamic Laws, the Ottoman Sultans assured all the human beings' security in the domain, and those Ottoman subjects who were employed by the European diplomats were not exception. The turning point for the beginning of national/ethnic/sectarian conflicts in the area was when the European powers succeeded in usurping the right of protection of Ottoman non Muslims by distorting the articles of the Capitulation. This trend continues until the 21st century; France still claims its special relationship with Lebanese Catholic population. The fact that Palestinians today have no "protector"-the international laws are not applied to them-requires the urgent necessity to establish a new protecting system, which must be based on the observance of civil rights and sustainable against political violence. "Human Security" may have a degree of potential.