The role of the enemy in Nationalism: understanding the "other" in Xi Jinping's China

一个国家如何以及为什么要制造敌人的概念，然后向国内民众讲述？我的博士研究“战略性的敌人化”，试图理解政府为了国家的利益而故意制造“敌人”（人民、团体和思想）。该项目的重点案例研究调查了Xi Jinping领导下的中国共产党对国内“敌人”的构建。该理论提出并将检验四个假设，即政府为什么会在政治言论中形成敌人威胁。这些假设如下：（1）为了统一的目的，（2）为了支持合法化，（3）当国家因某事而受到指责时，为了转移注意力;（4）为了提高国家的整体地位。理解为什么领导人会试图制造或发展敌人的叙述，需要彻底理解什么是敌人，它能实现什么，以及为什么它在战略上是有用的。“敌人”这个问题在政治学著作中经常被提及，但很少有人站在它本身的立场上进行探讨。因此，本博士旨在回答以下问题：（1）近几十年来，党是如何改造和内化“敌人”话语的？党今天使用“朋友”、“伙伴”、“敌人”等术语是什么意思？(2)与毛江时期相比，习政权如何选择战略敌人？(3)如果存在的话，这种敌对机制在中国国内或外交政策爆发时是否更强大？一个国家如何以及为什么要制造敌人的概念，然后向国内民众讲述？我的博士学位探索“战略性敌人化”-寻求理解一个“敌人”（人民，团体和思想）的故意政府创造国家自己的利益。该项目的重点案例研究调查了中国共产党在Xi近平领导下对国内“敌人”的建设。该理论提出并将测试四个假设，为什么政府在政治修辞中形成敌人威胁。这些措施如下：（1）为了统一，（2）为了巩固合法性，（3）为了在国家受到指责时进行偏转，（4）为了提高国家的整体地位。

How and why would a state craft the notion of an enemy tothen narrate back to the domestic population? My PhDexplores 'strategic enemization', seeking to understand thedeliberate governmental creation of an 'enemy' (peoples,groups, and ideas) for the state's own gain. The focal casestudy for this project investigates the Chinese CommunistParty's construction of domestic 'enemies' under Xi Jinping.The theory makes and will test four assumptions as to whya government forms an enemy threat in political rhetoric.These are as follows: (1) for unification purpose, (2) tobolster legitimisation, (3) for deflection when the state isblamed for something and (4) to increase the nation'soverall status.Understanding why leaders would seek to manufacture ordevelop the narrative of an enemy requires a thoroughunderstanding of what an enemy is, what it canaccomplish, and why it is strategically serviceable. Theissue of 'enemy' is frequently mentioned in politicalscience works but rarely interrogated on its own standing.As such, this PhD aims to answer the following RQs:(1) How has the Party revamped and internalised the'enemy' discourse in recent decades? What does the Partymean when using terms such as 'friends', 'partners','enemies' today?(2) Compared to the Maoist and Jiangist period, how doesXi's regime choose its strategic enemies?(3) Is this enemization mechanism, if it exists, strongerduring Chinese domestic or foreign policy flareups?How and why would a state craft the notion of an enemy tothen narrate back to the domestic population? My PhDexplores 'strategic enemization' - seeking to understandthe deliberate governmental creation of an 'enemy'(peoples, groups, and ideas) for the state's own gain. Thefocal case study for this project investigates the ChineseCommunist Party's construction of domestic 'enemies'under Xi Jinping. The theory makes and will test fourassumptions as to why a government forms an enemythreat in political rhetoric. These are as follows: (1) forunification purpose, (2) to bolster legitimisation, (3) fordeflection when the state is blamed for something and (4)to increase the nation's overall status.