The role of the enemy in Nationalism: understanding the "other" in Xi Jinping's China

一个国家如何以及为什么要制造敌人的概念，然后向国内民众讲述？我的博士研究“战略敌人”，试图理解政府为国家自身利益而故意创造的“敌人”（人民、团体和思想）。​该理论提出并将检验四个假设，即为什么政府在政治修辞中构成敌人威胁。它们如下：(1)为了统一的目的，(2)为了加强合法性，(3)当国家因某事受到指责时，为了转移注意力，(4)为了提高国家的整体地位。要理解为什么领导者会试图制造或发展敌人的故事，需要彻底了解敌人是什么，它能完成什么，以及为什么它在战略上是可用的。在政治科学著作中，“敌人”这个问题经常被提及，但很少被单独讨论。因此，这篇博士论文旨在回答以下问题：(1)近几十年来，中共是如何改造和内化“敌人”话语的？今天，共产党使用“朋友”、“伙伴”、“敌人”等词语是什么意思？​(3)这种敌对机制，如果存在的话，在中国国内或外交政策爆发时是否更强大？一个国家如何以及为什么要制造敌人的概念，然后向国内民众讲述？我的博士研究“战略敌人”——试图理解政府为国家自身利益而故意创造的“敌人”（人民、团体和思想）。​该理论提出并将检验四个假设，即为什么政府在政治修辞中构成敌人威胁。它们如下：(1)为了统一的目的；(2)为了加强合法性；(3)为了在国家受到指责时转移注意力；(4)为了提高国家的整体地位。

How and why would a state craft the notion of an enemy tothen narrate back to the domestic population? My PhDexplores 'strategic enemization', seeking to understand thedeliberate governmental creation of an 'enemy' (peoples,groups, and ideas) for the state's own gain. The focal casestudy for this project investigates the Chinese CommunistParty's construction of domestic 'enemies' under Xi Jinping.The theory makes and will test four assumptions as to whya government forms an enemy threat in political rhetoric.These are as follows: (1) for unification purpose, (2) tobolster legitimisation, (3) for deflection when the state isblamed for something and (4) to increase the nation'soverall status.Understanding why leaders would seek to manufacture ordevelop the narrative of an enemy requires a thoroughunderstanding of what an enemy is, what it canaccomplish, and why it is strategically serviceable. Theissue of 'enemy' is frequently mentioned in politicalscience works but rarely interrogated on its own standing.As such, this PhD aims to answer the following RQs:(1) How has the Party revamped and internalised the'enemy' discourse in recent decades? What does the Partymean when using terms such as 'friends', 'partners','enemies' today?(2) Compared to the Maoist and Jiangist period, how doesXi's regime choose its strategic enemies?(3) Is this enemization mechanism, if it exists, strongerduring Chinese domestic or foreign policy flareups?How and why would a state craft the notion of an enemy tothen narrate back to the domestic population? My PhDexplores 'strategic enemization' - seeking to understandthe deliberate governmental creation of an 'enemy'(peoples, groups, and ideas) for the state's own gain. Thefocal case study for this project investigates the ChineseCommunist Party's construction of domestic 'enemies'under Xi Jinping. The theory makes and will test fourassumptions as to why a government forms an enemythreat in political rhetoric. These are as follows: (1) forunification purpose, (2) to bolster legitimisation, (3) fordeflection when the state is blamed for something and (4)to increase the nation's overall status.