Longitudinal approach to the development of mother-infant communication and infant rearing support starting during the fetal period

一些纵向研究进行了调查母婴沟通是如何产生的，它是如何发展在整个胎儿期和婴儿期。1. 通过四维超声检查，我们发现胎儿在手和嘴接触之前就张开了嘴。这种预期的动作似乎是基于他们对身体感觉运动间关系的了解。胎儿只会对母亲的声音做出反应，把嘴张得更大，这表明他们从其他外部刺激中识别出了母亲的声音。这些发现表明胎儿发育的经验依赖性质，需要考虑母亲提供的听觉刺激。2. 从新生儿期开始，通过对婴儿发育的纵向诊断测试、对母亲养育子女的半结构化访谈、对母乳喂养母亲和母乳喂养母亲的行为和生活方式的纵向问卷调查，更多的婴儿明确表示，母亲与婴儿生活的困难在第二个月末左右达到高峰，此时婴儿的主动行为增加。有人建议，在出生后不久提供实际的育儿支持对母亲是有益的或必要的。3. 对物体操作、绘画和进食行为的发展进行了纵向实验研究。结果与黑猩猩的相应数据进行了比较；我们发现，虽然黑猩猩在一些行为方面具有与人类婴儿相当的能力，但人类婴儿通过与照顾者的社会交流来发展这些行为，这在黑猩猩中很难观察到。共同的想象力在人类婴儿中出现得更早。研究结果表明，当婴儿行为不端时，人类母亲会对自己的后代产生矛盾的情绪。4. 通过对幼儿同伴支持活动中同伴互动对幼儿游戏行为的影响。对这些群体参与者的育婴意识进行了调查。少

Several longitudinal studies were conducted to investigate how mother-infant communication is generated and how it develops throughout the fetal period and infancy. 1. Using four-dimensional ultrasonography, we found that fetuses opened their mouths before their hands came in contact with their mouths. Such anticipatory movements seem to be based on the knowledge of intersensorimotor relations in their bodies. Fetuses responded exclusively to their mothers' voices by opening their mouths wider, suggesting that they recognized their mothers' voices from among the other external stimuli. These findings suggest the experience-dependent nature of fetal development and need to consider the auditory stimulus provided by mothers. 2. From the neonatal period, longitudinal diagnostic tests of infants' development, semi-structured interviews with the mothers regarding offspring rearing, and a longitudinal questionnaire investigation on the behavior and life pattern of breastfeeding mothers and i … More nfants clarified that mothers' difficulty while living with their infants reached a peak around the end of the second month, when infants' proactive behavior increases. It was suggested that practical child rearing support soon after birth is helpful or necessary for mothers. 3. Longitudinal experimental investigations on the development of object manipulation, drawing, and eating behavior were conducted. The results were compared with corresponding data for chimpanzees ; we found that although chimpanzees possess abilities comparable to human infants in several behavioral aspects, human infants develop these behaviors through social communication with their caretakers, which is difficult to observe in chimpanzees. Shared imagination emerges among human infants earlier. The results suggested that human mothers experience conflicting emotions regarding their offspring when their infants' misbehave. 4. Developmental changes in infants' playing behavior through peer interaction were described through an observation in a group during an infant rearing peer support activity. Maternal consciousness for rearing infants was surveyed among these group participants. Less