Study on Life Environments and gender in Afghanistan

我们在阿富汗和伊朗分别进行了四次和三次实地考察。研究结果如下：1.将巴彦县的家庭结构分为三类：核心家庭、联合家庭和复合型家庭。整个系统基本上是父系和父系地方性的。核心家庭在社区中保持着广泛的亲属关系网络。家庭制度基本上是父系和父系。巴米扬有两个主要的社会群体，哈扎拉人和萨耶德人，这两个群体之间存在着广泛的社会、经济和文化差异。家庭儿童教育战略因社会群体和性别而异。哈扎拉人的入学率低于萨耶人，女孩的入学率低于男孩。有明确的性别隔离和角色划分。由于巴米扬的基础设施还不发达，妇女和儿童，特别是女儿，有大量的家务。在伊朗的阿富汗难民组成阿富汗社区，以尽量减少来自伊朗人的歧视。虽然在伊朗的阿富汗难民工作和受教育受到限制，但他们的生活水平高于阿富汗人。伊朗政府一直在推动对阿富汗难民的遣返政策，同时增加对阿富汗人的经济支持。伊朗政府一直在限制阿富汗难民的学校，因此这些学校被迫关闭和搬迁。由于学校得不到任何支持，他们面临着困难问题。阿富汗人在伊朗的生活经历改变了他们的教育观念和性别观念，因此他们返回阿富汗将影响阿富汗教育状况的改善。但对它来说，这是确保和平与安全、经济独立和提高生活水平的基本先决条件。

We conducted fieldwork four times in Afghanistan and three times in Iran. The research findings are as follows:1. The household structures in Bamyan are classified into there categories: the nuclear family, the joint family and the compound household. The overall system is basically patrilineal and patrilocal. Nuclear families maintain an extended kinship network in the community. The family system is basically patrilinial and patrilocal.2. There are two main social groups in Bamyan, the Hazaras and the Sayyeds, between which there are wide social, economic and cultural disparities.3. Strategies in child education in family differ by both social groups and gender. School attendance rate are lower for The Hazaras than for the Sayyeds, and lower for girls than for boys.4. There is clear gender segregation and role division. Because the infrastructure is not yet developed in Bamyan, there is a great deal of housework for women and children, especially daughters.5. Afghan Refugees in Iran form Afghan communities to minimize discrimination from Iranians.6. Though Afghan refugees in Iran have restricted access to work and education, their living standards are higher than those of Afghanistan.7. The Iranian government has been promoting a repatriation policy for Afghan refugees, while increasing economic supports to Afghans.8. The Iranian government has been restricting the schools for Afghan refugees, so that they are forced to close and move. Since the schools do not get any support, they face difficult problems.9. Afghans' experiences of living in Iran make change their concept of education and gender, so that their return to Afghanistan would affect an improvement of the educational situation in Afghanistan. But for it, it is essentially prerequisite to ensure peace and security, economic independence, and to improve living standards.