Creating tough and fatigue-resistant hydrogels with hierarchical structures

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To understand how the building blocks affect the hierarchical structure and performance of polyampholyte hydrogels, in the first year, we mainly focused on the role of dynamic bonds on the phase separation and dynamic mechanical behaviors.Using salt to control the strength of ionic bonds, we found the phase separation size and phase contrast changed significantly with the salt concentrations. In addition, we demonstrate that the salt effect on mechanical properties, including small-strain moduli, large deformation energy dissipation, and fracture stretch ratio, can be effectively converted into frequency or strain rate dependences, following the time-salt superposition principle. The time-salt superposition principle of mechanical properties is not affected by the phase structure.