Balancing the center and the local: mobilization and production strategies of the Inka and early colonial state in Cochabamba, Bolivia

该项目旨在了解依附群体相互纠缠的依赖/流动/动员情况以及印卡州作为一个典型的“早期州”的玉米/商品集中生产情况，有助于从总体上了解该州的情况。这包括作为驱动力的科恰班巴河谷国家和地方机构组成的联合体内的生产储存和分配制度，以及早期殖民国家期间的过渡进程。因此，该项目将对考古和民族史学方法和数据进行跨学科分析，这些方法和数据涉及科恰班巴印加占领之前和期间的定居点模式、人口和土地使用，以及西班牙征服后印加晚期和殖民早期的转型过程。在印加·华伊纳·卡帕克(公元1491年-1527年)统治下，科恰班巴中央山谷经历了大规模的人口变化，来自帝国各地的14.000名米迪马人在印加国田工作。反过来，最初的群体被驱逐并被送往东部山谷。印加人最大的利益是肥沃的谷底，用来种植玉米，生产剩余的和主要的商品，以供进一步征服。西班牙征服前后的人口流动、土地保有权模式、社会结构和人口群体的文化归属可以在档案资料中追踪，这是一项迄今几乎没有完成的工作。Quillacollo和Colcapirhua的考古综合体由4000多个谷仓(Qollqa)组成，位于罗查河以南的四个不同区域，面积超过200公顷。在幅员辽阔的印加帝国的其他地方，没有一个地方存在像科恰班巴这样巨大的玉米储存能力，这表明中央山谷在帝国的经济、政治和社会组织中扮演着非常重要的角色，在西班牙被征服后仍然如此。民族史学和考古学相结合的新的跨学科方法将有助于通过Qollqa的职能和相关过程，特别是动员/依赖，来研究印加国家的机制。这两种方法，民族史学和考古学方法，在帮助构建科恰班巴晚期地平线和西班牙征服后的完整图景方面是相辅相成的。此外，我们还将调查气候和环境方面的问题，正是这些因素导致该地区玉米种植规模如此之大。

The project aims to understand the entangled dependency/mobility/mobilization of dependent groups of people and the centralized maize/goods production for the Inka state as an exemplary “early state”, shedding light on the comprehension of that state, generally. This includes the system of storage and distribution of production within a complex of nested state and local institutions in the Cochabamba Valley as the driving central force, as well as the transition processes during the early colonial state. Therefore, the project will conduct an interdisciplinary analysis of archaeological and ethnohistorical methods and data regarding the settlement patterns, population and land use before and during the Inca occupation in Cochabamba and the transformation processes through late Inka and early colonial times after Spanish Conquest. Under the reign of Inka Huayna Capac (1491 – 1527 AD), the Central Valley of Cochabamba experienced massive population changes through the colonization of 14.000 mitimaes from all over the empire to work on the Inca state fields. In turn, the original groups were expulsed and sent to the eastern valleys. The paramount interest of the Inca was the fertile valley bottom for the cultivation of maize and the generation of surplus and staple goods for further conquests. The population movements before and after Spanish Conquest, land tenure patterns, social structuring and culture belonging of population groups can be tracked in archival sources, a work that hardly has been done so far. The archaeological complex of Quillacollo and Colcapirhua consists of more than 4000 granaries (qollqa), located in four different sectors on the hills to the south of Rocha River, an area of more than 200 hectares. In no other part of the vast Inca Empire existed such gigantic capacities for the storage of maize as in Cochabamba, indicating that the Central valley played a highly important role as “local center” in the economic, political and social organization of the Empire and still did after Spanish conquest. The novel interdisciplinary approach of combined ethnohistorical and archaeological studies will help to investigate the mechanisms of the Inca State via the functions of the qollqa and the related processes as mobilization/dependency, specifically. Both methodologies, the ethnohistorical and the archaeological one, are complementary in helping to build a complete picture of the Late Horizon in Cochabamba and after Spanish conquest. Additionally, we will investigate climatic and environmental aspects, which allowed such a magnitude of cultivation of maize in the region.