Propagation and breeding of Lilium spp. by means of tissue, organ and cell suspension culture

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(1) With a few exceptions, more bulblets were regenerated at 25℃ than 15℃, and the regenerated bulblets grew well under light condition at 25℃.(2) All plantlets regenerated in anther culture of L.× 'Enchantment' were diploid, and ca. 40% of the plantlets were virus-free as shown in the calli-induced bulblets of L.longiflorum 'Georgia'.(3) Liquid medium and renewal of the medium 8-12 weeks after culture promoted growth of L.rubellum bulblets.(4) Treatmnent of 0.25 and 0.5 mM colchicine for 48 or 72 hrs induced double haploid cells and shoots from haploid calli of L.×'Connecticut King'. (5) A hap loid callus line from anther cultures of L.×'Connecticut King' was maintained for a long term in MS medium with picloram.(6) A viability of microspores was maintained only in a mediumn with maltose, in which cell divisions and callus formation occurred.(7) In reciprocal pollination between L.nobilissimum and L.regale, ovules excised at 30 and 40 DPA developed into seedlings, whereas those excised at 40 DAP developed into seedlings in L.nobilissimum x L.regale. In L.× 'Connecticut King' x L.× 'Enchantment', ovules excised at 3 DAP developed into seedlings, when embryo culture was used together.(8) Application of nitrous oxide (NOx) to pollen mother cells at the middle stage of the first division was effective to the production of non-reduced microspores. Treatment of 0.5 mM colchicine on in vitro cultured bulbscales for 3 or 5 days induced tetraploid plantlets.(9) Almost all cell clumps from the cell suspension cultures of L.formosanum maintained regeneration potential for more than 54 months in hormone-free medium and developed many somatic embryos.(10) Hygromycin, G418 and bialaphos were suitable agents for selecting transformed calli and/or organs of L.formosanu.(11) Some calli of L.formosanum, co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, showed several blue spots resulted from transient or stable expression of the gusA gene.