COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND CLIENTELISM

这项联合研究从比较的角度研究了发达国家(日本、韩国、意大利和北欧国家)和欧盟的政治腐败和裙带关系。腐败的主要特征是非法性、独立性和横向，但腐败的行为者并不少见。另一方面，裙带主义在很大程度上表现为不对称的、从属的、垂直的，甚至是法律上的联系。一种现代化理论没有太多地注意它们之间的区别，认为腐败和裙带主义反映了一种前现代的社会结构，可以说是政治制度的病态现象。我们都认真地进行了理论和/或实证研究。这一学术努力的总体结果是：现代化理论不能很好地把握腐败问题的主旨，即即使在发达国家和欧盟，腐败行为也是“隐蔽的”和“消极的”交流；腐败表现为贿赂、贪污、舞弊、间接投票、收买选票、贿选等多种行为，政党、派系、政客、官僚、企业、黑社会组织(如黑手党等)之间的腐败，主要表现在利益调停、严厉惩罚、强化法律制约、奉承官员道德、选举制度改革、下放政府权力等方面，对遏制腐败还不够有效。

This joint research has dealt with political corruption and clientelism of the developed countries (Japan, Korea, Italy, and the Nordic countries) and of the EU from a comparative perspective.While corruption is primarily characterized by its illegality, independence and horizontality aomong corrupted actors are not uncommon. On the other hand, clientelism largely takes on asymmetric, subordinate, vertical, and even legal ties.A line of modernization theory, not having paid much attention to the distinction between them, has assumed that corruption and clientelism reflect a pre modern social structure and could be referred to as pathologic phenomenon of the political system.All of us have been seriously engaged in their theoretical and / or positive researches. This academic endeavor as a whole produced the following findings : modernization theory cannot well grasp the gist of corruption problem, namely the permeated corrupted actions as "hidden" and "negative" exchanges even in the, advanced countries and the EU ; corruption appears as a variety of actions like bribery, embezzment, fraud,oblique voting, vote buying, patronage, and violated corruption among political parties, factions, politicians, bureaucrats, corporations, and organized cirmes (e. g., mafia) mainly in the interest mediation and in the eelctoral process severe punishment, strengthening legal restriction, eudcating officials morally, reform of electoral system, and decentralization of government power are not sufficiently effective for controlling corruption.