PLASTICITY IN VISUOMOTOR COORDINATION AND SPATIAL VISION

我们研究了人类和猴子在长期暴露于左右颠倒视觉环境后，视觉运动协调和空间视觉的适应性。对于人体研究，我们每年进行一项实验，每个实验中都有几名参与者连续37天戴着左右颠倒的眼镜。在实验过程中，参与者被反复测试了各种认知心理学和神经科学方法的感知和感知运动任务。结果如下：(1)位置恒常性（Position constancy）是指即使头部移动，视野也不会出现振荡的现象，这种现象在反视开始时就消失了，但在佩戴眼镜10天（估计幅度）或20天（对比左右头部运动和上下头部运动）后，感知振荡逐渐减弱并消失。(2)佩戴10 d后恢复达到任务性能。(3)初等视觉皮层（V1）的激活情况。采用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术对初等视觉皮层（V1）的激活情况进行了测量，结果显示，7 / 10的受试者初等视觉皮层（V1）出现了从对侧激活到双侧激活的适应性变化。双侧激活出现的时间是在佩戴后的3到7周，这表明，结合行为结果，每个参与者在适应性变化之前都经历了视觉-躯体重组。在适应过程中也观察到激活向同侧V2扩散。对猴子的研究是为了观察成人和儿童在适应过程及其终点上的差异。两只6个月大的猴子连续戴着左右颠倒的眼镜。成年人（人类或猴子）对视力逆转的开始感到非常困惑，结果，他们的行为活动减少了。相比之下，小猴子没有表现出这种困惑的行为，而且在视觉逆转的开始时相当活跃。成人和儿童之间的这种对比值得进一步研究。少

We investigated adaptation in visuomotor coordination and spatial vision following long-term exposure to left-right reversed vision in human and monkey.For the human study, we conducted an experiment each year in each of which several participants wore left-right reversing spectacles continuously for 37 days. During the experiment, the participants were repeatedly tested with various perceptual and perceptual-motor tasks in cognitive psychological and neuroscientific methodologies. The results were as follows. (1) Position constancy a phenomenon that the visual field does not appear to oscillate even when one moves his/her head, was lost at the onset of reversed vision, but the perceptual oscillation gradually diminished and disappeared in 10 days (by magnitude estimation) or 20 days (by comparing left-right with up-down head movements) of wearing spectacles. (2) Reaching task performance was restored in 10 days of wearing. (3) Brain activation of the primary visual cortex (V1) for hem … More i visual field stimulation was measured by fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), and it was observed that seven out of ten participants showed an adaptive change from contra-lateral to bilateral activation of V1. The timing of the emergence of the bilateral activation was at 3 to 7 weeks of wearing, which suggests, together with behavioral results, that each participant went through visual-somatic reorganization before the adaptive change. Activation spreading to ipsilateral V2 was also observed in the course of adaptation.The monkey study was to see differences in adaptation process and its endpoints between adults and children. Two monkeys aged six months wore left-right reversing spectacles continuously. Adults (human or monkey) are greatly puzzled by the onset of the reversed vision, and, as a result, their behavioral activity is decreased. In contrast, the child monkeys showed no such bewildered behaviors and were quite active at the onset of the reversed vision. Such a contrast between adults and children was to be noted for further research. Less