Violent Men between Great War, Revolution and Second World War (1905–1945): Cossack Military Violence under Different Regimes

第一次世界大战、革命和第二次世界大战之间的暴力者（1905â1945）：不同政权下的哥萨克军事暴力

• 批准号: 457885485
• 负责人: Professor Dr. Jan C. Behrends
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Fach Osteuropäische Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Units
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/457885485?language=en
• 关键词: Violent; Men; between; Great; War

From early modern times onwards, the Cossacks were a distinct military as well as social formation in the borderlands of the Russian Empire. In the nineteenth century, they represented a separate estate as well as an important part of the Russian Army. Like other army units, Cossacks were used both for internal repression and foreign wars. They enjoyed a reputation as loyal yet ruthless warriors. By analysing their conduct in the Russian Revolution of 1905, the First World War, the revolution and (civil) wars of 1918–1921 as well as the Second World War, where Cossack formations fought on both sides, this project aims to contribute to the discussion about mass violence and military cultures of violence in Eastern Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. By studying the Cossacks, this project will broaden our knowledge about the transformation of military violence in times of total war and revolution. While so far the victims of mass violence have mostly been at the centre of attention, this project will seize the opportunity to study a distinct group that acted both as perpetrators (1905, 1914–1917, 1941–1945) and fell victim to violent campaigns (1919, 1928–1933, after 1945). By including both World Wars and opposing armies, the project aims to discuss the relationship between violence in war and revolution (1914–1922) and the genocidal campaigns and wars of the totalitarian age (1929–1933, 1941–1945), thereby raising the question of continuities as well as change in the patterns of violent acts the European ‘bloodlands’. The project will consist of case studies during three consecutive periods (1905–1916, 1917–1922, 1941–1945). The tension between nation and empire as well as the heterogeneity of the Cossacks are reflected in this transnational approach, which will include archival material from several countries. In addition to the in-depth study of Cossacks in the years 1905–1945 as a PhD thesis, the principal investigator will examine the role of Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks and their violent acts after the revival of the Cossack tradition in the post-Soviet era.

从近代早期开始，哥萨克在俄罗斯帝国的边境地区是一种独特的军事和社会形态。在世纪，他们代表了一个独立的产业，以及俄罗斯军队的重要组成部分。像其他军队单位一样，哥萨克既用于国内镇压，也用于对外战争。他们享有忠诚而无情的战士的声誉。通过分析他们在1905年俄国革命、第一次世界大战、1918-1921年革命和（内战）战争以及第二次世界大战（双方都有哥萨克部队参战）中的行为，本项目旨在为关于二十世纪上半叶东欧大规模暴力和军事暴力文化的讨论做出贡献。通过研究哥萨克，这个项目将扩大我们对全面战争和革命时期军事暴力转变的认识。虽然到目前为止，大规模暴力的受害者大多处于关注的中心，本项目将抓住机会，研究一个独特的群体，既作为肇事者（1905年，1914-1917年，1941-1945年），又成为暴力运动的受害者（1919年，1928-1933年，1945年后）。通过包括世界大战和敌对军队，该项目旨在讨论战争和革命（1914-1922年）中的暴力与极权主义时代（1929-1933年，1941-1945年）的种族灭绝运动和战争之间的关系，从而提出欧洲“血地”暴力行为模式的连续性和变化问题。该项目将包括三个连续时期（1905-1916年，1917-1922年，1941-1945年）的案例研究。民族和帝国之间的紧张关系以及哥萨克的异质性反映在这种跨国方法中，其中包括来自几个国家的档案材料。除了深入研究哥萨克在1905年至1945年作为博士论文，主要研究者将研究俄罗斯和乌克兰哥萨克的作用和他们的暴力行为后，在后苏联时代的哥萨克传统的复兴。