Violent Men between Great War, Revolution and Second World War (1905–1945): Cossack Military Violence under Different Regimes

从近代早期开始，哥萨克人在俄罗斯帝国的边境地区形成了独特的军事和社会形态。在19世纪，他们代表了一个独立的阶层，也是俄罗斯军队的重要组成部分。像其他军队一样，哥萨克既用于国内镇压，也用于对外战争。他们以忠诚而无情的战士而闻名。通过分析他们在1905年俄国革命、第一次世界大战、1918-1921年的革命和（内战）战争以及第二次世界大战中的行为，该项目旨在促进关于20世纪上半叶东欧大规模暴力和暴力军事文化的讨论。通过研究哥萨克人，这个项目将拓宽我们对全面战争和革命时期军事暴力转变的认识。虽然到目前为止，大规模暴力的受害者大多是关注的中心，但本项目将抓住机会研究一个独特的群体，他们既是肇事者（1905年，1914年至1917年，1941年至1945年），又是暴力运动的受害者（1919年，1928年至1933年，1945年后）。通过包括两次世界大战和对立的军队，该项目旨在讨论战争和革命（1914-1922）中的暴力与极权主义时代（1929-1933,1941-1945）的种族灭绝运动和战争之间的关系，从而提出了欧洲“血腥之地”暴力行为模式的连续性和变化的问题。该项目将包括三个连续时期（1905-1916、1917-1922、1941-1945）的案例研究。民族与帝国之间的紧张关系以及哥萨克人的异质性反映在这种跨国方法中，该方法将包括来自几个国家的档案材料。除了深入研究1905-1945年哥萨克人作为博士论文外，首席研究员还将研究俄罗斯和乌克兰哥萨克人的角色以及后苏联时代哥萨克传统复兴后他们的暴力行为。

From early modern times onwards, the Cossacks were a distinct military as well as social formation in the borderlands of the Russian Empire. In the nineteenth century, they represented a separate estate as well as an important part of the Russian Army. Like other army units, Cossacks were used both for internal repression and foreign wars. They enjoyed a reputation as loyal yet ruthless warriors. By analysing their conduct in the Russian Revolution of 1905, the First World War, the revolution and (civil) wars of 1918–1921 as well as the Second World War, where Cossack formations fought on both sides, this project aims to contribute to the discussion about mass violence and military cultures of violence in Eastern Europe during the first half of the twentieth century. By studying the Cossacks, this project will broaden our knowledge about the transformation of military violence in times of total war and revolution. While so far the victims of mass violence have mostly been at the centre of attention, this project will seize the opportunity to study a distinct group that acted both as perpetrators (1905, 1914–1917, 1941–1945) and fell victim to violent campaigns (1919, 1928–1933, after 1945). By including both World Wars and opposing armies, the project aims to discuss the relationship between violence in war and revolution (1914–1922) and the genocidal campaigns and wars of the totalitarian age (1929–1933, 1941–1945), thereby raising the question of continuities as well as change in the patterns of violent acts the European ‘bloodlands’. The project will consist of case studies during three consecutive periods (1905–1916, 1917–1922, 1941–1945). The tension between nation and empire as well as the heterogeneity of the Cossacks are reflected in this transnational approach, which will include archival material from several countries. In addition to the in-depth study of Cossacks in the years 1905–1945 as a PhD thesis, the principal investigator will examine the role of Russian and Ukrainian Cossacks and their violent acts after the revival of the Cossack tradition in the post-Soviet era.