A Study on Agriculture Promotion in ESA and Direct Payment in Japan

对直接支付计划的现状和问题进行了实地调查，主要是在不太优惠的地区，如爱美县、口池县和兵库县。将其与欧盟和中国的农业环境政策直接支付方案进行了比较，在欧盟农业环境政策直接支付方案中，直接支付方案由两部分组成。一种是弥补1992年麦克谢里改革政策降价导致的收入下降，另一种是以残障生产力为基础补偿成本缺口。在日本，抵消关税等自由化造成的价格下降的政策目标没有得到充分实现，而且对于抵消LFA和肥沃平坦地区之间的成本差距的政策目标是有偏见的。此外，这一政策与生产配额政策不兼容。因此，维持农业生产的目标不是ATTAI…还证实，在补贴的分配上，即使是村集体合作活动也是按个人征税的，这降低了参与率。至于村协议的参与率，政策在协议数量方面取得了一定程度的成功。然而，就商定的领域而言，它停滞不前在70%至80%的水平。究其原因，在人口稀少、农民高龄化率高的地区，很难维持5年以上的农业生产。为了提高参与率，需要地方政府和农业合作社的帮助。在许多地区，它在一定程度上可以劝阻农民退耕，但对形成农民多功能几乎没有贡献。在中国，LFA政策才刚刚开始，“从农地到森林政策”是第一个直接向农民支付收入的例子。这样做的目的是防止环境退化。在森林恢复快、果业发达的沿江地区是可以预期的。然而，在西北地区，情况并非如此，政策的效果不能在短期内预期。在这一地区，环境政策偏向于植树造林和从农场到森林的政策。草原地区生态环境改善的载畜率调控政策援助也不够充分。较少

The fields survey has been carried out on the current situations and on problems of the direct payment scheme mainly in the Less Favored Areas (LFA) such as Ehime, Kouchi and Hyogo prefectures. These have been compared with the direct payment schemes of Agri-Environmental policy in the LFA in the EU and China,In the case of the EU Agri-Environmental policy in the LFA, the direct payment scheme consists of two parts. One is offsetting income decrease caused by curtail of policy prices in MacSherry Reform in 1992, and the other one is compensating the gap in costs based on the physically handicapped productivities. In Japanese case, the policy target to offset price decrease caused by liberalization such as tariffication has not been fulfilled sufficiently and it is biased for those of offsetting the cost gap between LFAs and fertile flat areas. In addition, this policy is not compatible with production quota policy. Thus, the target to maintain agricultural production has not been attai … More ned completely.It is also confirmed that concerning the allocation of subsidy, even the village pool for cooperative activities has been taxed in individual basis and this situation decrease the participation rate.As for the participation rate for village agreement, the policy succeeded in terms of the agreement number to some extent. However, in terms of agreed areas, it stagnated at the level of 70 to 80 %. The reason for this is that in the depopulated areas with high rate of the aged farmers, it is difficult to keep farming for as long as 5 years. In order to increase participation rate, the assistance by the local government and agricultural cooperatives are desired. In many regions, it could to some extent contribute in discouraging farmers to quit farming, but hardly contribute in creating a multifunctional of the farming.In China, the LFA policy has just started and the "from farm to forest policy" is the first example of direct income payment to the farmers. The purpose is to prevent environmental degradation. It can be expected in the areas along Yangtze River where forest recovery is quick and fruit industry can be located. However, in the northwest areas where is not the case, effects of the policy could not be expected in short-term. In this area, the environmental policy is biased to the afforestation and from farm to forest policy. The policy assistance for stocking rate regulation for ecological environment improvement in the grassland areas is also not sufficient. Less