Agricultural Restructuring and Environmental Issues after introduction of the Market Mechanism in East Europe

从市场布局、土地制度、管理结构和环境问题等方面分析了经济转轨过程中市场机制对东欧国家农业发展的影响。澄清了以下几点。在转型初期，整个经济，特别是土地生产力受到严重破坏和停滞，但后来逐渐恢复。匈牙利和波兰的复苏相对较快，而Check Republic紧随其后。然而，保加利亚和罗马尼亚仍然遭受过渡所造成的停滞。最大的问题是土地所有制改革。匈牙利在早期就引入了市场机制，波兰在社会主义政权时期就已经部分承认了农地私有制，因此农地私有化相对稳定。但是，在社会主义政权时代，大部分农地都是国有的切克共和国和保加利亚，农地民营化一直很困难。以前，国有农场规模太大，机器已经被使用，但私有化的个人农田面积太小，大型机器不能有效地使用，个体农民没有足够的农场管理技能知识。因此，在大多数东欧国家，通过组建农场合作社，促进了农场规模的扩大和机器的联合使用。在向市场经济体制转型的过程中，农业生产方式逐渐转向以生产力为导向，在此过程中，环境的恶化也逐渐显现出来。在象切克共和国这样不能采取农业环境政策的国家，从过渡进程所造成的停滞中恢复过来是最紧迫的问题。东欧国家被要求在几年内处理加入欧盟的共同农业环境政策。少

Impacts of the market mechanism on the agricultural development through the economic transition process have been analyzed from the aspects of market distribution, land system, management structure and environmental issues in East European Countries. The following points have been clarified.In the early stage of transition, whole economy, especially land productivity was devastated and seriously stagnated but afterwards, gradually recovered. In Hungary and Poland, this recovery was relatively quick and Check Republic followed these countries a little later. However Bulgaria and Romania have still suffered from the stagnation caused by the transition.The biggest problem is the reform of the land tenure system. The farmland could be privatized relatively steadily in Hungary where the market mechanism had been introduced in the early stage and in Poland where private ownership of farmland had been admitted partially even during the socialism regime period. However, in Check Republic or Bu … More lgaria where majority of farmland had been state-owned under the socialism regime era, the privatization of the farmland has been difficult. Formerly the state-owned farms were so large scale that the machine had been used but privatized individual farmland became so small size that the large scale machine could not be used efficiently and individual farmers did not have sufficient knowledge for farm management skill. Therefore, in most of East European Countries, the enlargement of farm size and joint use of machines have been promoted by forming the farm cooperative.In the transition process to the market economy system, farming methods have been converted to the productivity oriented and in this process, the environmental degradation has been gradually observed. In the countries such as Check Republic, which cannot afford to adopt agricultural environmental policy, the recovery from the stagnation caused by the transition process is the most urgent issues. The East European countries are severely requested to cope with the common Agri-environmental Policy for joining the EU in a few years. Less