Agricultural Restructuring and Environmental Issues after introduction of the Market Mechanism in East Europe

从东欧国家的市场分配、土地制度、经营结构和环境问题等方面分析了经济转轨过程中市场机制对农业发展的影响。明确了以下几点：转型初期，整个经济特别是土地生产力遭受重创和严重停滞，但之后逐渐恢复。在匈牙利和波兰，复苏相对较快，Check Republic紧随其后。然而，保加利亚和罗马尼亚仍在遭受转型造成的停滞。最大的问题是土地保有权制度的改革。在早期引入市场机制的匈牙利和甚至在社会主义政权时期就已部分承认农地私有制的波兰，农地可以相对稳定地私有化。然而，在Check Republic或Bu…在更多的国家，在社会主义政权时代，大部分农田都是国有的，农地私有化一直很困难。过去，国有农场规模太大，机器已经被使用，而私有化的个体农田变得太小，大型机器不能得到有效利用，个体农民对农场管理技能缺乏足够的知识。因此，在大多数东欧国家，通过形成农业合作社，促进了农场规模的扩大和机器的联合使用，在向市场经济体制过渡的过程中，耕作方式向生产力导向转变，在这个过程中，环境逐渐恶化。在Check Republic等无力采取农业环境政策的国家，从转型进程造成的停滞中恢复过来是最紧迫的问题。东欧国家面临着在未来几年内应对共同农业环境政策的严峻要求。较少

Impacts of the market mechanism on the agricultural development through the economic transition process have been analyzed from the aspects of market distribution, land system, management structure and environmental issues in East European Countries. The following points have been clarified.In the early stage of transition, whole economy, especially land productivity was devastated and seriously stagnated but afterwards, gradually recovered. In Hungary and Poland, this recovery was relatively quick and Check Republic followed these countries a little later. However Bulgaria and Romania have still suffered from the stagnation caused by the transition.The biggest problem is the reform of the land tenure system. The farmland could be privatized relatively steadily in Hungary where the market mechanism had been introduced in the early stage and in Poland where private ownership of farmland had been admitted partially even during the socialism regime period. However, in Check Republic or Bu … More lgaria where majority of farmland had been state-owned under the socialism regime era, the privatization of the farmland has been difficult. Formerly the state-owned farms were so large scale that the machine had been used but privatized individual farmland became so small size that the large scale machine could not be used efficiently and individual farmers did not have sufficient knowledge for farm management skill. Therefore, in most of East European Countries, the enlargement of farm size and joint use of machines have been promoted by forming the farm cooperative.In the transition process to the market economy system, farming methods have been converted to the productivity oriented and in this process, the environmental degradation has been gradually observed. In the countries such as Check Republic, which cannot afford to adopt agricultural environmental policy, the recovery from the stagnation caused by the transition process is the most urgent issues. The East European countries are severely requested to cope with the common Agri-environmental Policy for joining the EU in a few years. Less