Agricultural Restructuring and Environmental Issues after introduction of the Market Mechanism in East Europe

从市场布局、土地制度、经营结构和环境问题等方面分析了东欧国家在经济转轨过程中市场机制对农业发展的影响。澄清了以下几点：在转型初期，整个经济特别是土地生产力受到破坏并严重停滞，但后来逐渐恢复。在匈牙利和波兰，这种复苏相对较快，而Check Republic则稍晚一些。但是，保加利亚和罗马尼亚仍然受到转型所造成的停滞的影响，最大的问题是土地所有制的改革。在匈牙利，由于市场机制的早期引入，而在波兰，即使在社会主义政权时期，也部分承认了农地私有制，因此农地私有化可以相对稳定地进行。然而，在检查共和国或布 关于我们 在社会主义政权时期，大部分农田为国有的LGARIA，农田私有化一直很困难。以前，国有农场的规模如此之大，以至于机器已经被使用，但私有化的个体农田变得如此之小，以至于大型机器无法有效地使用，个体农民没有足够的农场管理技能知识。因此，在大多数东欧国家，通过组建农业合作社，促进了农场规模的扩大和机器的联合使用，在向市场经济体制过渡的过程中，耕作方法已转变为以生产力为导向，在这一过程中，环境退化已逐渐显现出来。在诸如切克共和国等无力采取农业环境政策的国家，从转型进程造成的停滞中恢复过来是最紧迫的问题。东欧国家在几年后加入欧盟，迫切需要科普共同的农业环境政策。少

Impacts of the market mechanism on the agricultural development through the economic transition process have been analyzed from the aspects of market distribution, land system, management structure and environmental issues in East European Countries. The following points have been clarified.In the early stage of transition, whole economy, especially land productivity was devastated and seriously stagnated but afterwards, gradually recovered. In Hungary and Poland, this recovery was relatively quick and Check Republic followed these countries a little later. However Bulgaria and Romania have still suffered from the stagnation caused by the transition.The biggest problem is the reform of the land tenure system. The farmland could be privatized relatively steadily in Hungary where the market mechanism had been introduced in the early stage and in Poland where private ownership of farmland had been admitted partially even during the socialism regime period. However, in Check Republic or Bu … More lgaria where majority of farmland had been state-owned under the socialism regime era, the privatization of the farmland has been difficult. Formerly the state-owned farms were so large scale that the machine had been used but privatized individual farmland became so small size that the large scale machine could not be used efficiently and individual farmers did not have sufficient knowledge for farm management skill. Therefore, in most of East European Countries, the enlargement of farm size and joint use of machines have been promoted by forming the farm cooperative.In the transition process to the market economy system, farming methods have been converted to the productivity oriented and in this process, the environmental degradation has been gradually observed. In the countries such as Check Republic, which cannot afford to adopt agricultural environmental policy, the recovery from the stagnation caused by the transition process is the most urgent issues. The East European countries are severely requested to cope with the common Agri-environmental Policy for joining the EU in a few years. Less