Cultural Anthropological study on the self-help practice and transnational networks among the international migrants

随着经济和社会制度的全球化，以及交通和通讯设施的发展，当前的国际移民有了很大的多样性。现代移民并不是被动地作为客人生活在东道国社会，也不是以民族飞地的形式存在，而是与东道国社会积极利用民族间的跨国网络有关。本研究从微观层面对越南人在日本和芬兰(Shoji)、南非和赞比亚人(Ogura)、尼泊尔人在日本(Minami)、索宁克(Soninke)在亚洲特大城市(Mishima)、在日本和澳大利亚的菲律宾人(高形)和芬兰的日本人(Lansisalmi)。在他们的家乡和包括日本在内的欧洲、非洲和亚洲的东道国社区进行的研究过程中，每个社区都侧重于经济(资本全球化)、历史(殖民主义和世界体系)、语言、性别和身份认同，我们可以揭示一些与每个人之间的全球网络的现实和特征有关的关键事实。研究结果表明，作为一个整体，移民在经济上和精神上积极参与东道国社会，诉诸于他们的族裔和“独创性”，但这两者都容易动摇，特别是在全球化时代。此外，这种网络已经从母国社区和目的地之间的双边关系扩展到多个国家之间的多边关系。

There is a great diversity of current international migrations, in accordance with the globalization of economy and social system, and developing facilities for transportation and communication. Modern migrants do not live in the host society passively as a guest nor in the form of ethnic enclave, but relate to the host society actively putting transnational networks among ethnicities to practical use.In this study, we made a research about self-help practices and various transnational networks among the migrants in micro level, which are Vietnamese in Japan and Finland (Shoji), people in South Africa and Zambia (Ogura), Nepalese in Japan (Minami), Soninke in Asian mega cities (Mishima), Philippines in Japan and Australia (Takahata) and Japanese in Finland (Lansisalmi).In the course of the studies which were carried out both in their home and host communities in Europe, Africa and Asia including Japan, each focusing on economy (globalization of capital), history (colonialism and the world system), languages, gender and identities, we could reveal some crucial facts relating to the reality and characteristics of global networks among each people. The results of the studies showed, as a whole, that migrants are taking an active part economically and mentally in the host society, resorting to their ethnicity and "originality", both of which, however, are apt to vacillate, particularly in the age of globalization. Moreover, such networks had been expanding from the bilateral relation between home community and destination to the multilateral relations among plural nations.