Cultural Anthropological study on the self-help practice and transnational networks among the international migrants

随着经济和社会制度的全球化，以及交通和通讯设施的发展，目前的国际移徙有很大的多样性。现代移民在东道国社会中不是被动地以客的身份生活，也不是以族群飞地的形式存在，而是与东道国社会积极地利用族群间的跨国网络联系在一起的。本研究从微观层面上考察了在日本和芬兰的越南人（Shoji）、在南非和赞比亚的人（Ogura）、在日本的尼泊尔人（南），在亚洲大城市的Soninke（三岛），在日本的菲律宾和澳大利亚（高）和芬兰的日语在欧洲、非洲和亚洲（包括日本）的母国和东道国社区进行的研究过程中，通过对全球化（资本的全球化）、历史（殖民主义和世界体系）、语言、性别和身份的分析，我们可以揭示一些与每个民族之间的全球网络的现实和特征有关的关键事实。研究结果表明，总的来说，移民在经济和精神上积极参与东道国社会，诉诸其种族和“独创性”，但这两者都容易动摇，特别是在全球化时代。此外，这种网络已从母国社区与目的地之间的双边关系扩展到多个国家之间的多边关系。

There is a great diversity of current international migrations, in accordance with the globalization of economy and social system, and developing facilities for transportation and communication. Modern migrants do not live in the host society passively as a guest nor in the form of ethnic enclave, but relate to the host society actively putting transnational networks among ethnicities to practical use.In this study, we made a research about self-help practices and various transnational networks among the migrants in micro level, which are Vietnamese in Japan and Finland (Shoji), people in South Africa and Zambia (Ogura), Nepalese in Japan (Minami), Soninke in Asian mega cities (Mishima), Philippines in Japan and Australia (Takahata) and Japanese in Finland (Lansisalmi).In the course of the studies which were carried out both in their home and host communities in Europe, Africa and Asia including Japan, each focusing on economy (globalization of capital), history (colonialism and the world system), languages, gender and identities, we could reveal some crucial facts relating to the reality and characteristics of global networks among each people. The results of the studies showed, as a whole, that migrants are taking an active part economically and mentally in the host society, resorting to their ethnicity and "originality", both of which, however, are apt to vacillate, particularly in the age of globalization. Moreover, such networks had been expanding from the bilateral relation between home community and destination to the multilateral relations among plural nations.