Integration of cognitive and motivational information for decision making psychophysiological studies

1.我们研究了认知和动机信息如何影响猴子行为的神经元机制，以及这两种信息如何相互作用。我们用几种不同的奖励来训练猴子进行(1)（空间和物体）延迟反应任务和(2)延迟反应时间任务中的一种或两种。我们发现，在外侧前额皮质中，不仅有那些与“奖励预期”有关的神经元，还有那些与“无奖励预期”有关的神经元，它们与预期没有特定奖励的结果有关。在眼窝额叶皮层，我们发现了两种不同的奖励预期过程；长期和短期奖励预期分别与预期将来会出现的特定奖励和预期很快会出现的特定奖励有关。在一项猴子的PET研究中，与没有延迟的控制任务相比，在猴子的空间延迟反应任务中，我们没有发现外侧前额叶皮层有任何激活。空间延迟反应任务和客体延迟反应任务比较，前者的运动前区更活跃，后者的腹侧前额叶区更活跃。在一项微透析研究中，我们检测了猴子在执行空间延迟反应任务和无延迟空间控制任务时前额叶皮层的多巴胺和谷氨酸浓度以及猴子的静息状态。在延迟反应任务中，我们发现多巴胺增加，但谷氨酸没有变化，而在控制任务中，我们发现谷氨酸增加，但多巴胺没有变化。

1.We investigated neuronal mechanisms on how cognitive and motivational information contributes to the behavior of the monkey and how these two kinds of information interact. We trained monkeys on either or both of (1)(spatial and object) delayed response task and (2)delayed reaction time task, using several different kinds of rewards.2.We found, in the lateral prefrontal cortex, not only those neurons that were related to "reward expectancy" but also those that were related to "no-reward expectancy" that was concerned with anticipating the outcome of the absence of the specific reward.3.In the orbitofrontal cortex, we found two different kinds of reward expectancy processes ; long and short -range reward expectancy that were concerned with anticipating the specific reward that would be delivered in the future, and that were concerned with expecting the specific reward that would be delivered soon, respectively.4.In a monkey PET study, we did not find any activation in the lateral prefrontal cortex during the monkey's spatial delayed response task performance as compared with control task without delay. Comparison between the spatial and object delayed response tasks, the premotor area was more active during the former while the ventral prefrontal areas were more active during the latter task performance.5.In a microdialysis study, we examined dopamine and glutamate concentration in the prefrontal cortex when the monkey was performing the spatial delayed response task and no-delay spatial control task as well as monkey's resting state. We found increase in dopamine, but no change in glutamate during the delayed response task while we found increase in glutamate, but no change in dopamine during the control task.