A Research of Interrelation between the Idea of Germany and the Idea of Europe in the 20-th century German Literature and Literary Critique

二十世纪末，欧盟诞生了，这是超越“民族国家”界限的愿望的产物。然而，与此同时，在现代“民族国家”理念的基础上，国家的统一也得到了推动。这方面的力量在前苏联和东欧地区表现得最为明显，引起了一些区域冲突。目前的项目着眼于这一当代形势，特别关注“德国理念”（“die Idee Deutschland”）和“欧洲理念”之间的关系，它们分别包含了多种历史意识形态和观点。它从当代的角度考察了这两种思想是如何相互对立和错综复杂地发展起来的。“德国的概念”在希腊和拉丁传统的历史背景下进行了考察，并与邻近地区的文化进行了探讨。研究表明，19世纪的德国浪漫主义与20世纪初的德国民族主义在这些地区民族主义的形成和发展中发挥了重要作用。作为本项目的一部分，还对德国政治和法律理论家卡尔·施密特进行了广泛的研究。通过合作研究，我们阐明了这位理论家揭示了20世纪初“德国观念”与“欧洲观念”之间的复杂关系。这项研究还表明，正如施密特自己承认的那样，母系氏族传统慕尼黑-施瓦宾构成了他鲜明的男性化、父权意识形态的对立面。以柏林为中心的男性主义话语和以慕尼黑为中心的母系意识形态，体现了20世纪初德国“欧洲观念”的两种截然不同的存在。

The end of the twentieth century saw the creation of the European Union, a product of the aspiration to transgress and transcend the boundaries of the "nation-state". Concurrently being observed, however, has been a drive toward the unification of the state founded on the idea of the modern "nation-state". The force in this direction has been most prominently witnessed in the former Soviet Union and Eastern European regions, bringing rise to a number of regional conflicts. The present project looks at this contemporary situation with a particular focus on the relationship between "the idea of Germany" ("die Idee Deutschland') and "the idea of Europe", which respectively encompasses a diversity of historical ideologies and perspectives. It examines from a contemporary point of view how the two ideas developed against one another and were intricately. 'The idea of Germany" is examined against the historical context of the Greek and Latin traditions and explored in relation to the cultures of the neighbouring regions. The study has shown that German romanticism of the nineteenth century together with German ethnic nationalism of the early twentieth century played a significant role in the formation and development of nationalism in these regions. An extensive study on the German political and legal theorist Carl Schmitt was also undertaken as part of the present project. Through collaborative research, we elucidated that this theorist reveals the complex relationship between "the idea of Germany" and "the idea of Europe" in the early twentieth century. The study has also shown that the matriarchal tradition Munchen-Schwabing constituted, as Schmitt himself admitted, the opposite pole of his distinctly masculine, patriarchal ideology. The Berlin-based masculinist discourse on the one hand and the matriarchal ideology of Munchen on the other embody the two contrasting presence of "the idea of Europe" in the early twentieth century Germany.