Archaeological Research for Supply and Demand of Cowry Shells in Ancient China

中国古代贝壳供需考古研究

• 批准号: 13571038
• 负责人: KINOSHITA Naoko
• 金额: $ 7.1万
• 依托单位: Kumamoto University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)
• 财政年份: 2001
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 2001 至 2004
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-13571038/
• 关键词: cowry shell; In dynasty; An-yang; China; Ryukyu archipelago; Yellow river Valley; Taiwan; joint research; 新石器時代; 流通; 威信財; マクラガイ; 青銅器文化; 台湾海峡; シャンクガイ; 搬入ルート; 流入ルート; 中国東南沿岸; 殷墟; 青海省

Cowry shells, Family Cypraeidae, are used as prestige or money in ancient China. A great number of cowry shells are found in the archaeological sites which belong to the age of 2300BC to 400BC along Yellow river valley, although cowry shells mostly live in the tropical and the Temperate zone, far from Yellow river area.The purpose of this study is to investigate from where cowry shells came, and understand the route and area trough which the shells were brought, and based on these results discuss the relation between China and the Ryukyu archipelago where many cowry shells subsist.In these four years we surveyed 21993 shells from 183 tombs and ritual remains of 32sites, and made unified style records for every specimen. Following are our results :1.The shells found in north China along Yellow river valley composed from 67speaseas of 18 families of 2classes, and above 90% of them are cowries.2.In 11142shells found in An-yang, the capital city of In dynasty, 76%shells inhabit in present Taiwan, South China Sea and Ryukyu archipelago, 18% live in South China Sea and East China Sea.3.Depending on the composition of the shells in An-yang, it is hard to notice that many shells are from Indian Ocean.4.It is very possible that cowry shells along Yellow river valley were gathered at the coast of the south-east China belonging Taiwan.5.In Shandong peninsula there is an An-yang type site which also has a large number of cowry shells. Based on some archaeological evidences it is very possible that the people in Shandong peninsula played an important role in bringing shells from south to west, to An-yang.6.Just at the time when cowries are very popular in An-yang and north China, Chinese jade industry appeared in Taiwan and Ryukyu. It might be possible that people go to Taiwan and to Ryukyu for searching more cowries.

贝壳（Cypraeidae），在中国古代被用作威望或金钱。黄河流域考古遗址中发现了大量公元前2300年至公元前400年的贝壳，但贝壳大多生活在热带和温带地区，远离黄河流域。本研究的目的是调查贝壳的来源，了解贝壳的传入路线和区域，并在此基础上探讨中国与琉球群岛之间的关系。 四年来，我们对183座墓葬和32处祭祀遗存的21993枚贝壳进行了调查，并对每个标本进行了统一的样式记录。我们的研究结果如下：1.华北黄河流域发现的贝类由2纲18科67种组成，其中90%以上为贝类。2.安阳发现的11142个贝类中，76%生活在现今台湾、南海和琉球群岛，18%生活在南海和华东地区。海.3.取决于 从安阳贝壳的成分来看，很难注意到很多贝壳来自印度洋。4.黄河流域的贝壳很可能聚集在中国东南部台湾沿海地区。5.山东半岛有一处安阳型遗址，也有大量的贝壳。根据一些考古证据，山东半岛的人们很可能在将贝壳从南边带到西边到安阳的过程中发挥了重要作用。 6.正当安阳和华北地区盛产贝壳的时候，中国的玉石工业出现在台湾和琉球。人们可能会去台湾和琉球寻找更多的贝壳。

项目成果

木下尚子: "古代中国からみた琉球列島のタカラガイ"世界に拓く沖縄研究 第4回沖縄研究国際シンポジウム. 182-191 (2002)

木下直子：“从古代中国的角度看琉球群岛的宝贝”向世界开放冲绳研究，第4届冲绳研究国际研讨会182-191（2002年）。

Relation between cowries in ancient China and Ryukyu archipelago

中国古代贝母与琉球群岛的关系

• 发表时间: 2003
• 期刊: SICHUAN WENWU 2003-1
• 作者: KINOSITA;Naoko
• 通讯作者: Naoko

木下尚子: "従古代中国看琉球列島的宝貝"四川文物. 1期. 26-33 (2003)

木下直子：《中国古代琉球群岛的贝壳》，四川文物，第1期26-33（2003年）。

木下尚子: "Shell Trade and Exchange in the Ryukyu Archipelago"Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 23. 67-71 (2003)

木下直子：“琉球群岛的贝壳贸易和交换”印度太平洋史前协会公告，23. 67-71 (2003)。

甲元眞之: "東北アジアの先史時代の生業活動"小田冨士雄先生退官記念論集. (2004)

小本雅之：《东北亚的史前生存活动》纪念小田富士夫教授退休论文集（2004年）